Martingale transforms and the Hardy-Littlewood-Sobolev inequality for semigroups (Q345045)

The classical inequality of Hardy, Littlewood and Sobolev has been extensively studied by many researchers for several years. There has been a lot of effort to find the sharp constants of the Hardy-Littlewood-Sobolev inequality. The Hardy-Littlewood-Sobolev inequality has been quite influential in applications to heat kernel estimates in many different settings since the pioneering work of \textit{N. T. Varopoulos} [J. Funct. Anal. 63, 240--260 (1985; Zbl 0608.47047)], \textit{E. B. Davies} [Heat kernels and spectral theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1989; Zbl 0699.35006)] and others who put it in the framework of general Markovian semigroups (see [\textit{N. T. Varopoulos} et al., Analysis and geometry on groups. Paperback reprint of the 1992 original. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (2008; Zbl 1179.22009)]). The author gives a probabilistic representation of fractional integrals for general symmetric Markovian semigroups as the projection of martingale transforms and proves the Hardy-Littlewood-Sobolev inequality based on the probabilistic representation for the fractional integral and the techniques of \textit{R. F. Gundy} and \textit{N. T. Varopoulos} [C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, Sér. A 289, 13--16 (1979; Zbl 0413.60003)]. The results are fundamental and the paper is systematically well organized.