Fusion systems and amalgams. (Q358871)

One of the important features of saturated fusion systems \(\mathcal F\) is that morphisms are controlled by morphisms of essential subgroups. So if \(\mathcal F\) is a fusion system on a \(p\)-group \(S\) the search for possible essential subgroups is important. An essential subgroup is a centric fully normalized subgroup \(E\) of \(S\) such that \(\text{Out}_{\mathcal F}(E)\) contains a strongly \(p\)-embedded subgroup. In this paper the prime \(p\) is always 2 and the paper deals will the easiest case that \(|N_S(E):E|= 2\). More precisely the following situations are considered. There are two essential subgroups \(E_1\), \(E_2\) such that \(|N_S(E_i):E_i|=2\) and either \(E_1\sim E_2\) in \(S\) or both \(E_1\) and \(E_2\) are normal in \(S\). Then the main idea of the paper is to relate this situation to a \((p_1,p_2)\)-amalgam (\(p_1,p_2\) primes) and then use the results of \textit{D. M. Goldschmidt} [Ann. Math. (2) 111, 377-406 (1980; Zbl 0475.05043)] and \textit{P. S. Fan} [J. Algebra 98, 375-421 (1986; Zbl 0581.20043)] to describe \(S\) and parts of the fusion system \(\mathcal F\) (Theorem 4.5. 4.6). Afterwards this is a applied to determine the saturated reduced (i.e. \(O_p(\mathcal F)=1\), \(O^p(\mathcal F)=\mathcal F=O^{p'}(\mathcal F)\)) fusion systems on 2-groups of order at most 32 and determine the 2-subgroups of order 64 which might lead to a reduced indecomposible fusion system over \(S\).