The supergeometry of Loday algebroids (Q363515)

This paper proposes and studies a concept of Loday algebroid on vector bundles \(E\rightarrow M\), which reduces to the well-known notion of Loday algebra when the base \(M\) is a singleton, includes the Courant-Dorfman bracket as a special case, and closely relates to the well-known notion of Lie algebroid. After reviewing an algebraic notion of multidifferential operators and derivative endomorphisms (or quasi-derivations) on modules of an associative algebra \(\mathcal{A}\) over a field \(\mathbb{K}\) of characteristic zero, the authors first lay out the purely algebraic notion of a Loday pseudoalgebra (together with some weaker or stronger versions of it) as a faithful \(\mathcal{A}\)-module \(\mathcal{E}\) endowed with a \(\mathbb{K}\)-bilinear bracket \(B=\left[ \cdot,\cdot\right] \) which is a bidifferential operator of total degree \(\leq1\), satisfying the (particular version of) Jacobi identity \(\left[ X,\left[ Y,Z\right] \right] =\left[ \left[ X,Y\right] ,Z\right] +\left[ Y,\left[ X,Z\right] \right] \), such that the adjoint map \(\text{ad}_{X}\equiv\left[ X,\cdot\right] \) is a derivative endomorphism, or more explicitly the operator commutator \(\left[ \text{ad}_{X},f_{\mathcal{E}}\right] _{c}=\left( \rho\left( X\right) f\right) _{\mathcal{E}}\) for all \(f\in\mathcal{A}\) for some derivation \(\rho\left( X\right) \in\text{Der}\left( \mathcal{A} \right) \), for all \(X,Y,Z\in\mathcal{E}\), where \(f_{\mathcal{E}}\) denotes the multiplication operator on \(\mathcal{E}\) by \(f\). It is shown that \(\rho:\mathcal{E}\rightarrow\text{Der}\left( \mathcal{A}\right) \) is \(\mathcal{A}\)-linear, called the anchor map, intertwining the Loday bracket \(\left[ \cdot,\cdot\right] \) with the commutator bracket \(\left[ \cdot,\cdot\right] _{c}\), or more generally, \(\mathcal{A}\)-linear generalized anchor maps \(b^{r},b^{l}:\mathcal{E}\rightarrow\text{Der}\left( \mathcal{A}\right) \otimes_{\mathcal{A}}\text{End}\left( \mathcal{E}\right) \) are obtained from \(b_{X}^{r}:f\otimes Y\mapsto\left[ \text{ad}_{X},f_{\mathcal{E}}\right] _{c}\left( Y\right) \) and \(b_{X}^{l}:f\otimes Y\mapsto\left[ f_{\mathcal{E}},\text{ad} _{X}\right] _{c}\left( Y\right) \) for \(f\in\mathcal{A}\) and \(X,Y\in \mathcal{E}\). In the geometric case of \(\mathcal{A}=C^{\infty}\left( M\right) \) and \(\mathcal{E}=\Gamma\left( E\right) \) the \(\mathcal{A}\)-module of smooth sections of a vector bundle \(E\rightarrow M\), a Loday pseudoalgebra is called a Loday algebroid, and we get vector bundle maps \(b^{r},b^{l}:E\rightarrow TM\otimes_{M}\text{End}\left( E\right) \) as generalized anchor maps. Various algebroids arising from known structures, including Grassmann-Dorfman bracket, twisted Courant-Dorfman bracket, and Nambu-Poisson structure, are analyzed as examples. A canonical reduction from a Loday pseudoalgebra \(\mathcal{E}\) to a Lie pseudoalgebra by taking the quotient \(\mathcal{E}/\left( \mathcal{AE} ^{0}\right) \) for the span \(\mathcal{E}^{0}\) of \(\left\{ \left[ X,X\right] :X\in\mathcal{E}\right\} \) is presented. For a Loday algebroid \(\left( \Gamma\left( E\right) ,B\right) \) over a manifold \(M\), Loday algebroid cohomology is formulated via a Loday cochain complex \(\left( \mathcal{D} ^{\cdot}\left( E\right) ,\partial_{B}\right) \) constructed on the space \(\mathcal{D}^{\cdot}\left( E\right) :=\mathcal{D}^{\cdot}\left( \Gamma\left( E\right) ,C^{\infty}\left( M\right) \right) \) spanned by all multidifferential operators on \(\Gamma\left( E\right) \). For a vector bundle \(E\) over \(M\), a graded subspace \(D^{\cdot}\left( E\right) \subset\mathcal{D}^{\cdot}\left( E\right) \) invariant under the shuffle product is identified, giving rise to a graded ringed space as a supermanifold \(\left( M,D^{\cdot}\left( E\right) \right) \). It is shown that Loday algebroid structures on \(E\) are in one-to-one correspondence with equivalence classes of homological vector fields on the supercommutative manifold \(\left( M,D^{\cdot}\left( E\right) \right) \).