On Artinian rings with restricted class of injectivity domains. (Q371390)

An \(R\)-module \(M\) is called injective relative to \(N\) (or, \(N\)-injective), where \(N\) is an \(R\)-module, if any homomorphism from \(K\), a submodule of \(N\), to \(M\) can be extended to a homomorphism from \(N\) to \(M\). The set of all \(R\)-modules, such as \(N\) above, is called the injectivity domain of \(M\). It's manifest that semisimple modules are in the injectivity domain of every \(R\)-module. Modules whose injectivity domains consist only of semisimple modules are called poor modules and are introduced in [[1], \textit{A. N. Alahmadi} et al., Glasg. Math. J. 52A, 7-17 (2010; Zbl 1228.16004)]. Rings whose modules (note, all modules are right modules) are either injective or poor are called rings ``having no right middle class'' or simply ``with no middle class'' and are partially characterized in [[3], \textit{N. Er} et al., J. Algebra 330, No. 1, 404-417 (2011; Zbl 1227.16004)]. In the article under review, the authors, in Theorem 2.5, characterize right Artinian right non-singular rings with no middle class. They also, in Theorem 2.16, characterize right Artinian non-SI-rings (note, a ring \(R\) is a right SI-ring or simply SI-ring if every singular \(R\)-module is injective) with no middle class. The authors make good use of the results and the methods of the proofs in [1, loc. cit.], [3, loc. cit.] and [[8], \textit{S. R. López-Permouth} and \textit{J. E. Simental}, J. Algebra 362, 56-69 (2012; Zbl 1284.16003)], to prove the previous two theorems and also to characterize right Noetherian rings with no middle class. Interestingly, these results, in the end, enable them to fully characterize rings with no middle class (Corollary 2.18). They also use some ideas from [3, loc. cit.], to characterize, in Theorem 3.8, the right Artinian rings with no simple middle class (i.e., each simple module is either injective or poor). As for a commutative ring \(R\), the authors observe that \(R\) is with no middle class if and only if it is a direct product of two rings \(S\) and \(T\), where \(S\) is a finite direct product of fields and \(T\) is either zero or a ring with only one nonzero ideal (Theorem 4.3). Consequently, it's emphasized in the article, commutative rings with no middle class, are Artinian. It is also observed (Theorem 4.7) that a commutative Noetherian ring \(R\) is with no simple middle class if and only if it is a direct product of two rings \(S\) and \(T\), where \(S\) is either zero or a finite direct product of fields and \(T\) is either zero or a semilocal ring. Several illustrative examples are presented in this article, too. Reviewer's comment: Right Artinian right non-singular rings (or, equivalently right Artinian faithfully represented on the left side of their right socle), without any restrictions on their modules, are studied and characterized in the following articles, too: 1. [\textit{A. W. Goldie}, J. Algebra 1, 268-287 (1964; Zbl 0145.26804)]. 2. [\textit{R. Gordon}, J. Algebra 7, 303-342 (1967; Zbl 0153.36602)]. 3. [\textit{G. Ivanov}, J. Algebra 16, 340-346 (1970; Zbl 0211.06104)].