Hot topics in cold gases (Q377670)

The paper presents an overview on Bose-Einstein condensation, excitation spectrum for trapped gases and vortices in rotating systems. First, based on the consideration of the Hamiltonian for quantum many-body systems, quantities of interest are stated, in particular, the lowest value of the spectrum, i.e., the ground state energy and grand-canonical Gibbs state. Then, the creation and annihilation operators are stated on the Fock space and the many-body Hamiltonian is treated containing one- and two-body terms. The cases of bosons and fermions are discussed for ideal quantum gases (quantum system without interactions). As a result, by considering the thermodynamic limit, the author states the phenomenon of Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC). Then, treating the BEC for interacting systems by using a criterion of Penrose and Onsager, the condensate wave function is found. By understanding BEC as a translation invariant system, it is noted that the BEC in the standard thermodynamic limit is the hard-core lattice gas. For the hard-core lattice particles, it is established a theorem on the existence of BEC in this system at small enough temperature and for a particular value of the chemical potential. Then, in the framework of description of dilute Bose gases in continuous space, it is considered the corresponding Hamiltonian and it is stated the ground state energy of a dilute gas. Based on the first-order perturbation theory, the upper and lower bounds for the energy are defined. The rigorous results are obtained for the low-density behavior of the 2D Bose gas, dilute Fermi gas and Bose gas at positive temperature. Then, the ground state energy of a dilute Bose gas concerning the next order term in an expansion for small density is considered. The resulting expression for the Hamiltonian is the Bogoliubov Hamiltonian. The dilute Bose gases in traps are considered on the base of the Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) energy functional. Before proving the theorem representing the case of the continuous system with genuine interactions with BEC, the setting allowing the system to rotate about a fixed axis is studied, due to it is observed the appearance of quantized vortices. The quantized vortices arise by minimization of the appropriate GP functional. The rotating systems are studied taking into account Bose symmetry. Then, by considering the special case of a harmonic trap potential, the author studies the rapidly rotating Bose gases. By restricting the one particle Hilbert space to the lowest Landau level (LLL), it is shown that the projection onto the LLL is only a good approximation for length scales of order one and larger. Then, the relevant properties of this effective model are investigated, in particular, its spectrum and corresponding eigenstates. Finally, the rigorous results are obtained concerning the excitation spectrum of an interacting Bose gas, in a suitable limit of weak, long-range interactions. The obtained results verify Bogoliubov's prediction that the spectrum consists of sums of elementary excitations. In the translation invariant case, the excitation energy turns out to be linear in the momentum for small momentum. Landau's criterion for superfluidity is verified, too.