Some inequalities for polynomials and rational functions associated with lemniscates (Q378648)

A set of the form \( E(f,t)=\{ z : |f(z)|\leq t\}\), \(0<t<\infty\), where \(f\) is a rational function defined on the complex sphere \(\overline{\mathbb{C}}\), is called a lemniscate. Let \(m(\cdot )\) denote the exterior Lebesgue measure on the \(z\)-plane. For arbitrary \(n\)-fold holomorphic coverings, the following theorem is proved. Theorem 1. Let a holomorphic function \(F\) in a domain \(D\) realize a complete \(n\)-fold covering of the circular ring \(t_1 <|w| < t_2\) \((0<t_1<t_2<\infty)\) by the domain \(D\), and let \(E\) be the union of all those connected components of the complement \(\overline{\mathbb{C}} \setminus D\) whose boundaries contain points corresponding, under the mapping \(F\), to points on the circle \(|w|=t_1\). Assume that \(\infty \not\in E\). Then \[ \left( \frac{t_1}{t_2}\right)^{\frac 2n} \leq \frac{m(E\cup D)}{m(E)}. \] Equality occurs if and only if \(F(z)=c(z-a)^n\), where \(c\) and \(a\) are arbitrary complex constants. A consequence of this theorem is the following Corollary. Let \(f\) be a rational function of degree \(n\) distinct from the power function \(c(z-a)^{\pm n}\), and let \(t^* = |f(\infty)|\). Then the following assertions hold for the lemniscate \(E(f,t)=\{ z : |f(z)|\leq t\}\): (a) If \(t^* \not= 0\), then the function \[ (\pi t^{2/n})^{-1}m(E(f,t)) \] is strictly increasing on the interval \((0,t^*)\). (b) If \(t^* \not= \infty\), then the function \[ (\pi t^{2/n})m(\overline{\mathbb{C}} \backslash E(f,t)) \] is strictly decreasing on the interval \((t^*, \infty)\). The second chapter is devoted to inequalities for critical points and critical values. The following notations are used: (*) \(P(k,n)\) is the class of polynomials \(P(z)=c_kz^k+ \cdots +c_nz^n\) with complex coefficients \(c_j\), \(k\leq j\leq n\), \(n>1\); (*) \(D(P,t)\), \(0<t<\infty\), is the connected component of the set \(\{ z : |P(z)| < t\}\) containing the origin of coordinates, where \(P\) is a polynomial; (*) \(t(P)\) is the maximal value of \(t\) for which the set \(D(P,t)\) contains no critical points of the polynomial \(P\) distinct from the point \(z=0\); (*) \(D(P)=D(P, t(P))\). If \(n\) is a multiple of \(k\), then the following result is proved: Theorem 2. For a polynomial \(P(z)=c_kz^k+ \cdots +c_{mk}z^{mk}\) with \(c_k\not= 0\), \(c_{mk}\not=0\), \(k\geq 1\), \(m>1\), the following inequality holds \[ t(P) \leq \frac{m-1}{m} \left| \frac{c_k^m}{mc_{mk}}\right|^{\frac{1}{m-1}}. \] Equality holds for \(P(z)=c_kz^k+c_{mk}z^{mk}\). In the general case, the following result is obtained. Theorems 3 and 4. If a polynomial \(P \) belongs to the class \(P(k,n)\), \(k<n\), and \(0<t\leq t(P)\), then \[ t(P) \leq \left| \frac{c_k^n}{c_n^k}\right|^{\frac{1}{n-k}}. \] Furthermore, for any point \(z\) in the set \(\partial D(P,t) = \big\{ z : |P(z)|=t\big\} \cap \overline{D(P)}\), the following inequality holds \[ \left( \frac{t}{|c_k|} \right)^{\frac 1k} \frac{1}{|z|} +\left( \frac{|c_n|}{t} \right)^{\frac 1n}|z| \leq 4. \] At the end of the paper, distortion estimates at the boundary points of lemniscates are given.