Cartan matrices for restricted Lie algebras (Q379209)

For a finite-dimensional associative algebra \(A\) there is natural one-to-one correspondence between the simple \(A\)-modules and the projective \(A\)-indecomposable modules (by taking the projective cover of a simple module and the head of a projective indecomposable module). The Cartan matrix of \(A\) is a square matrix containing the multiplicities of the simple \(A\)-modules as composition factors of the projective indecomposable \(A\)-modules. Let \(G\) be a finite group and let \(F\) be a splitting field of prime characteristic \(p\) for \(G\). Then Brauer reciprocity ``decomposes'' the Cartan matrix of the group algebra \(FG\) into the product of a certain matrix with its transpose. This matrix is called decomposition matrix and its entries are the multiplicities of the simple \(FG\)-modules as composition factors of the simple \(\mathbb{C}G\)-modules reduced modulo \(p\). Let \(\mathfrak{g}\) be the Lie algebra of a semisimple algebraic group over an algebraically closed field of prime characteristic. In this case the restricted modules are modules for a finite-dimensional associative algebra, the restricted universal enveloping algebra \(U^{[p]} (\mathfrak{g})\), and Humphreys reciprocity allows to write the Cartan matrix of \(U^{[p]} (\mathfrak{g})\) also as the product of a decomposition matrix with its transpose. Here the entries of the decomposition matrix are the multiplicities of the simple restricted \(\mathfrak{g}\)-modules as composition factors of so-called baby Verma modules for \(U^{[p]}(\mathfrak{g})\) (i.e., modules induced from one-dimensional modules of a Borel subalgebra of \(\mathfrak{g}\)). One immediate consequence of Brauer-Humphreys reciprocity is that the Cartan matrices of a modular group algebra and a restricted enveloping algebra of the Lie algebra of a semisimple algebraic group both are symmetric. Humphreys reciprocity has been generalized in different directions. In particular, Holmes and Nakano extended it to certain graded Lie algebras (having mainly restricted Lie algebras of Cartan type in mind) (see [\textit{R. R. Holmes} and \textit{D. K. Nakano}, J. Algebra 144, No. 1, 117--126 (1991; Zbl 0749.16024)], [\textit{D. K. Nakano}, Mem. Am. Math. Soc. 470, 84 p. (1992; Zbl 0757.17015)], [\textit{R. R. Holmes} and \textit{D. K. Nakano}, J. Algebra 161, No. 1, 155--170 (1993; Zbl 0805.17013)]). On the other hand, the author of the paper under review has proved a reciprocity formula for more general reduced universal enveloping algebras of Lie algebras of reductive algebraic groups [\textit{J. C. Jantzen}, J. Pure Appl. Algebra 152, No. 1--3, 133--185 (2000; Zbl 0976.17004)]. The proofs of Brauer reciprocity and Humphreys reciprocity are quite different as the former uses reduction techniques and the later employs certain properties of induction and restriction functors. The main goal of this paper is to demonstrate that Brauer's approach can also be useful to derive reciprocity formulas for restricted Lie algebras. The applications are as follows: (i) generalizing Humphreys reciprocity to all reduced universal enveloping algebras of Lie algebras of reductive algebraic groups (with a minor restriction in characteristic 2), (ii) showing that the Cartan matrix of the reduced universal enveloping algebra of a restricted simple Lie algebra \(\mathfrak{g}\) of Cartan type for a \(p\)-character of height 0 can be obtained from the Cartan matrix of the restricted universal enveloping algebra of \(\mathfrak{g}\) by deleting the column and row corresponding to the one-dimensional trivial module and its projective cover, and (iii) extending the work of Holmes and Nakano from the restricted case to \(p\)-characters of height 1.