A semilattice structure for Arens products (Q382933)

Let \(A\) be a Banach algebra, \(A^{\prime}\) be the dual of \(A\), and \(A^{\prime\prime}\) be its second dual. For every \(a\in A\) and \(f\in A^{\prime }\), we can define \(fa\) and \(af\) in \(A^{\prime}\) by putting \[ \left( fa\right) \left( x\right) =f\left( ax\right) \text{ and }\left( af\right) \left( x\right) =f\left( ax\right) \text{ for all }x\in A. \] Accordingly, if \(F\in A^{\prime\prime}\), then \(Ff\) and \(fF\) are defined in \(A^{\prime\prime}\) by \[ \left( Ff\right) \left( x\right) =F\left( fx\right) \text{ and }\left( fF\right) \left( x\right) =F\left( xf\right) \text{ for all }x\in A. \] Finally, two multiplications can be introduced in \(A^{\prime\prime}\) as follows. Whenever \(G,F\in A^{\prime\prime}\), we have \[ \left( F\cdot G\right) \left( f\right) =F\left( Gf\right) \text{ and }\left( F\times G\right) \left( f\right) =F\left( fG\right) \text{ for all }f\in A^{\prime}. \] The multiplications are called the first and the second Arens multiplications, respectively. It is well known that \(A^{\prime\prime}\) is again a Banach algebra with respect to the Arens multiplications. If these multiplications coincide on \(A^{\prime\prime}\), then \(A\) is called Arens regular. By induction, \(A^{\left( 2n\right) }\) has \(2^{n}\) Arens multiplications. The paper under review investigates the set \(P_{n}\left( A\right) \) of these Arens multiplications. For instance, it is shown that, if two Arens multiplications in \(A^{\left( 2n\right) }\) coincide, then \(A\) is Arens regular (extra conditions for \(A\) to be Arens regular are given). Moreover, it turns out that the union \(P\left( A\right) =\bigcup_{n=1}^{\infty}P_{n}\left( A\right) \) is a \(\wedge\)-semilattice. Also, the structure of \(P\left( A\right) \) as a semigroup is studied in detail. For further information, the reader is encouraged to consult this interesting (and original) paper.