Floer homology for 2-torsion instanton invariants (Q383708)

The main theorem in the paper is a gluing formula for a variant of Donaldson invariants introduced by the author in a previous paper [J. Math. Sci., Tokyo 15, No. 2, 257--289 (2008; Zbl 1195.57069)]. Fintushel and Stern used a 2-torsion cohomology class \(u_1 \in H^1(M_P;{\mathbb Z}_2)\) of a moduli space \(M_P\) defined by \textit{S. K. Donaldson} [J. Differ. Geom. 24, 275--341 (1986; Zbl 0635.57007)] to define a variant of Donaldson invariants for closed, simply connected, spin 4-manifolds [\textit{R. Fintushel} and \textit{R. J. Stern}, J. Am. Math. Soc. 6, No. 2, 299--339 (1993; Zbl 0790.57010)]. \textit{S. Akbulut} et al. [Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 347, No. 1, 63--76 (1995; Zbl 0874.57017)], extended \(u_1\) to non-spin manifolds and the present author [loc. cit.] defined a variant \(\Psi_X^{u_1}\) of Donaldson invariants for non-spin 4-manifolds which extends Fintushel and Stern's invariant to non-spin 4-manifolds. The Donaldson-like invariant \(\Psi_X^{u_1}\) is a linear function \[ \Psi_X^{u_1}:A'(X) \rightarrow {\mathbb Z}_2 \] where \(X\) is a non-spin 4-manifold and \(A'(X)\) is a certain subspace of \(\otimes_{d \geq 0} H_2(X;{\mathbb Z}_2)^{\otimes d}\). When \(X\) has a decomposition \(X = X_0 \cup_Y X_1\), where \(Y\) is a homology 3-sphere and \(\Sigma\) is a closed, oriented surface in \(X\) that splits into two surfaces with self-intersection numbers odd along \(Y\), the author establishes a gluing formula for \(\Psi^{u_1}_X([\Sigma])\) in terms of differential-topological data about \(X_0\) and \(X_1\). Specifically, the author proves the following, where \[ < , >:CF_j(Y) \otimes CF_{-j-3}(\bar{Y}) \rightarrow {\mathbb Z}_2 \] is a natural pairing on the Fukaya-Floer homology groups of an oriented homology 3-sphere \(Y\), and \(\bar{Y}\) denotes \(Y\) with the opposite orientation. { Theorem 3.26.} Let \(X\) be a closed, oriented, simply connected 4-manifold with \(b^+\) positive and even. Assume that \(X\) has a decomposition \(X = X_0 \cup_Y X_1\), where \(Y\) is a homology 3-sphere and \(X_0\), \(X_1\) are compact, non-spin, simply connected 4-manifolds with boundary \(Y\), \(\bar{Y}\). Take a loop \(\gamma\) in \(Y\) and compact, oriented surfaces \(\Sigma_0\), \(\Sigma_1\) in \(X_0\), \(X_1\) with boundary \(\gamma\). If the self-intersection numbers of \(z_i := [\Sigma_i] \in H_2(X_i,Y;{\mathbb Z}) = H_2(X_i;{\mathbb Z})\) are odd, then we have \[ \Psi_X^{u_1}(z) = <\Psi_{X_0}^{u_1}, \Psi_{X_1}^{u_1}>, \] where \(z = z_0 + z_1 \in H_2(Z; {\mathbb Z})\). The above formula generalizes to relative invariants, and using these relative invariants the authors proves the following. { Corollary 3.27.} Let \(X_0,X_1\) be closed, oriented, non-spin, simply connected 4-manifolds with \(b^+\) positive and odd. Let \(P_i\) be \(U(2)\)-bundles over \(X_i\), with \(w_2(P_i) = w_2(X_i)\), \(c_2(P_i) \equiv 1\) mod 2 and dim \(M_{P_i} = 2d_i\) for some \(d_i \geq 0\). For homology classes \(x_1,\ldots , x_{d_0}, z_0 \in H_2(X_0,{\mathbb Z})\), \(y_1,\ldots ,y_{d_1}, z_1 \in H_2(X_1;{\mathbb Z})\) with \(x_i \cdot x_i \equiv y_j \cdot y_j \equiv 0\) mod 2, \(z_0 \cdot z_0 \equiv z_1 \cdot z_1 \equiv 1\) mod 2, we have \[ \Psi^{u_1}_X(x_1 \ldots , x_{d_0}, y_1, \ldots y_{d_1}, z) \equiv \Psi^{u_1}_{X_0,P_0}(x_1,\ldots, x_{d_0}) \cdot \Psi_{X_1,P_1}(y_1,\ldots , y_{d_1}) \text{ mod }2. \] Here \(z = z_0 + z_1 \in H_2(X; {\mathbb Z})\). Using this corollary the author proves the following non-vanishing results. { Theorem 3.29.} For \(i=0,1\), let \({\mathbb C}{\mathbb P}^2_i\) and \(\overline{{\mathbb C}{\mathbb P}}^2_i\) be copies of \({\mathbb C}{\mathbb P}^2\) and \(\overline{{\mathbb C}{\mathbb P}}^2\) respectively. Let \(H_i \in H_2({\mathbb C}{\mathbb P}^2_i; {\mathbb Z})\), \(E_i \in H_2(\overline{{\mathbb C}{\mathbb P}}^2;{\mathbb Z})\) be the standard generators. Then we have \[ \Psi^{u_1}_{{\mathbb C}{\mathbb P}^2_0 \# {\mathbb C}{\mathbb P}^2_1} (H_0 + H_1) \equiv 1 \text{ mod }2, \] \[ \Psi^{u_1}_{{\mathbb C}{\mathbb P}^2_0 \# {\mathbb C}{\mathbb P}^2_1 \# \overline{{\mathbb C}{\mathbb P}}^2_0} (H_0 + E_0, H_0 + H_1) \equiv 1 \text{ mod } 2, \] \[ \Psi^{u_1}_{{\mathbb C}{\mathbb P}^2_0 \# {\mathbb C}{\mathbb P}^2_1 \# \overline{{\mathbb C}{\mathbb P}}^2_0 \# \overline{{\mathbb C}{\mathbb P}}^2_1} (H_0 + E_0, H_1 + E_1, H_0 + H_1) \equiv 1 \text{ mod } 2. \] The author also proves a non-existence result originally announced by \textit{M. Furuta} [in: Einstein metrics and Yang-Mills connections. Proceedings of the 27th Taniguchi international symposium, held at Sanda, Japan, December 6-11, 1990. Mabuchi, Toshiki (ed.) et al., New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.. Lect. Notes Pure Appl. Math. 145, 69--77 (1993; Zbl 0814.57024)]. Let \(X\) be a closed, oriented, simply connected 4-manifold and \(Q_X\) the intersection form of \(X\) on \(H_2(X,{\mathbb Z})\). The intersection form \(Q_X\) extends to a form \(Q^{(k)}_X([\Sigma_1],\ldots , [\Sigma_{2k}])\) on classes \([\Sigma_1],\ldots ,[\Sigma_{2k}] \in H_2(X;{\mathbb Z})\). { Theorem 4.1.} Let \(Y\) be an oriented homology 3-sphere with Floer homology groups \(HF_1(Y;{\mathbb Z}_2) = 0\), \(HF_2(Y;{\mathbb Z}_2) = 0\). If \(Y\) bounds a compact, spin, simply connected 4-manifold \(X\) with \(b^+(X) = 1\), then we have \[ Q_X^{(2)}([\Sigma_1],\ldots , [\Sigma_4]) \equiv 0 \text{ mod } 2 \] for any \([\Sigma_1],\ldots , [\Sigma_4] \in H_2(X; {\mathbb Z}_2)\). Section 2 of the paper contains a fairly detailed review of Fukaya-Floer homology, including an outline of the proof of the gluing formula in Theorem 3.26 for the usual Donaldson invariants. With the gluing formula for the usual Donaldson invariants the trivial flat connections have no contribution. However, the trivial flat connections do contribute to the gluing formula for \(\Psi^{u_1}_X\). Section 2 also contains a detailed construction of sections of determinant line bundles with certain properties that are required for the proofs of the main theorems. Section 3 contains the construction of the variant \(\Psi^{u_1}_X\) of the Donaldson invariants and the proofs of the main theorems, and Section 4 contains the discussion and proof of Theorem 4.1.