Positive periodic solutions of discrete Lotka-Volterra cooperative systems with delays (Q384119)

The author considers the following discrete nonautonomous Lotka-Volterra cooperative systems with delays: \[ \begin{multlined} x_i(n+1) = x_i(n)\exp\Biggl[r_i(n)-\sum_{l=1}^m a_{iil}(n)\sum_{s=-\tau}^0k_{iil}(s)x_i(n+s)+\\ \sum_{j=1,j\neq i}^d \sum_{l=1}^m a_{ijl}(n)\sum_{s=-\tau}^0k_{ijl}(s)x_j(n+s)\Biggr], \quad i=1,2,\dots,d, \end{multlined} \tag{*} \] and \[ \begin{multlined} x_i(n+1) = x_i(n)\exp\Biggl[r_i(n)-\sum_{l=1}^m a_{iil}(n)x_i(n-\tau_{il}(n,x_1(n),\dots,x_d(n)))+\\ \sum_{j=1,j\neq i}^d \sum_{l=1}^m a_{ijl}(n)x_j(n-\tau_{jl}(n,x_1(n),\dots,x_d(n)))\Biggl], \quad i=1,2,\dots,d, \end{multlined} \tag{**} \] where \(r_i\), \(a_{ijl}:\mathbb{Z}\to\mathbb{R}\) are \(\omega\)-periodic (\(\omega\) is a natural number), \(a_{ijl}(n)\geq0\), \(\tau\in\mathbb{Z}_+\), \(\sum_{s=-\tau}^0k_{ijl}(s)=1\), \(\tau_{il}\) are \(\omega\)-periodic with respect to first argument, \(x_i(n)\) represents the density of the \(i\)th species at the \(n\)th generation; \(r_i(n)\) represents the intrinsic growth rate; \(a_{iil}(n)\) represents the intrapatch restriction density; and \(a_{ijl}(n)\) (\(i\neq j\)) represents the cooperative coefficients between the \(i\)th species and the \(j\)th at the \(n\)th generation. Using the technique of coincidence degree theory developed by \textit{R. E. Gaines} and \textit{J. L. Mawhin} [Coincidence degree, and nonlinear differential equations. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer-Verlag (1977; Zbl 0339.47031)], the author obtains sufficient conditions for the existence of positive periodic solutions of the systems (*) and (**).