Arithmetic intersection on a Hilbert modular surface and the Faltings height (Q384632)

The author studies the arithmetic intersection of two different types of cycles in a Hilbert modular surface over \(\mathbb Z\). One is the arithmetic Hirzebruch-Zagier divisor and the other one is the arithmetic CM cycles associated to non-biquadratic quartic CM field. The main purpose of this paper is to prove a conjecture of Bruinier and Yang under a minor technical condition on the CM number field. More specifically, let \(D \equiv 1\) modulo \(4\) be a prime number and \(F := {\mathbb Q}(\sqrt{D})\). Let \(\partial = \sqrt{D}{\mathcal O}_F\) be the different of \(F\). Let \({\mathcal M}\) be the Hilbert moduli stack that assigns a base scheme \(S\) over \({\mathbb Z}\) a triple \((A, \iota, \lambda)\) where \(A\) is an abelian surface over \(S\), \(\iota\) is a real multiplication of \({\mathcal O}_F\) on \(A\), and \(\lambda\) is a \(\partial^{-1}\)-polarization such that \(\partial^{-1} \otimes A \to A^{\wedge}\) is an isomorphism. For any integer \(m \geq 1\), let \({\mathcal T}_m\) be the integral Hirzebruch-Zagier divisor in \({\mathcal M}\) defined in [\textit{J. H. Bruinier} et al., Duke Math. J. 139, No. 1, 1--88 (2007; Zbl 1208.11077)]. Let \(K = F(\sqrt{\Delta})\) be a quartic non-biquadratic CM number field. Let \({\mathcal CM}(K)\) be the moduli stack over \({\mathbb Z}\) representing the moduli problem. Let \(\Phi\) be a CM type of \(K\) and let \(\tilde{K}\) be the reflex field of \((K, \Phi)\). It is a quartic non-biquadratic CM field with real quadratic field \(\tilde{F}\). Let \(\tilde{D} = d_{\tilde{F}}\) be the discriminant of \(\tilde{F}\). The first main result of the paper is the following theorem that proves Bruinier and Yang's conjecture in a special case: \vskip 0.1in \noindent \textbf{Theorem 1}: Using the above notations. Suppose that \[ {\mathcal O}_K = {\mathcal O}_F + {\mathcal O}_F \frac{w + \sqrt{\Delta}}{2} \] is free over \({\mathcal O}_F\), where \(w \in {\mathcal O}_F\) and that \(\Delta \Delta'\) is odd where \(\Delta'\) is the Galois conjugate of \(\Delta\) in \(F\). Then \(\tilde{D} = \Delta \Delta'\). Assume furthermore that \(\tilde{D} = \Delta \Delta' \equiv 1\) modulo \(4\) is a prime, then \[ {\mathcal T}_m.{\mathcal CM}(K) = \frac{1}{2}\sum_p \sum_{{\mathfrak p} | p} \sum_{\substack{ t = \frac{n+m\sqrt{\tilde{D}}}{2D} \in d^{-1}_{\tilde{K}/{\tilde{F}}},\\ |n| < m\sqrt{\tilde{D}}}} B_t({\mathfrak p}) \] where \[ B_t(\mathfrak p) = \begin{cases} 0 & \text{if \(\mathfrak{p}\) is split in \(\tilde{K}\)},\\ (\mathrm{ord}_{\mathfrak{p}}t + 1)\rho(td_{\tilde{K}/\tilde{F}}\mathfrak{p}^{-1})\log|\mathfrak{p}| & \text{if \(\mathfrak{p}\) is not split in \(\tilde{K}\)}, \end{cases} \] \(|\mathfrak{p}|\) is the norm of the ideal \(\mathfrak{p}\) of \(\tilde{F}\), and \[ \rho(\mathfrak{a}) = \#\{ \mathfrak{A} \subset \mathcal{O}_{\tilde{K}} : N_{\tilde{K}/\tilde{F}} (\mathfrak{A}) = \mathfrak{a}\}. \] Using Theorem 1, the authors prove several applications. The first application is to show Colmez's conjecture with the same assumption as in Theorem 1. If \(K\) is a non-biquadratic quartic CM number field with real quadratic subfield \(F\). Let \(\chi\) be the quadratic Hecke character of \(F\) associated to \(K/F\) by global class field theory, and let \[ \Lambda(s,\chi) = C(\chi)^{s/2}\pi^{-s-1}\Gamma\left(\frac{s+1}{2}\right)^2L(s,\chi) \] be the complete \(L\)-function of \(\chi\) with \(C(\chi) = DN_{F/{\mathbb Q}}d_{K/F}\). \vskip 0.1in \noindent \textbf{Theorem 2}: Assume that \(K\) satisfies the condition in Theorem 1, then \[ h_{\mathrm{Fal}}(A) = \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\Gamma'(1)}{\Gamma(1)} - \frac{\Lambda'(0,\chi)}{\Lambda(0,\chi)} - \log 4\pi\right). \] The second application of Theorem 1 is to show a variant of Kudla's conjecture in a special case. More precisely, let \[ \hat{\phi}(\tau) = -\frac{1}{2}\hat{\omega}+ \sum_{m>0}\hat{\mathcal T}_mq^m \] be the modular form of weight \(2\), level \(D\), and character \((\frac{D}{})\) with values in the arithmetic Chow group defined by Bruinier, Burgos Gil and Kühn [loc. cit.], where \(\hat{\omega}\) is the metrized Hodge bundle on \(\tilde{M}\) with Peterson metric, and \(\hat{\mathcal T}_m\) is some arithmetic Chow cycle related to \(\mathcal T_m\). Then we have \vskip 0.1in \noindent \textbf{Theorem 3}: Let the notation and assumption be as in Theorem 1. Then \[ h_{\hat{\phi}}({\mathcal CM}(K))+\frac{1}{4}\Lambda(0,\chi)\beta(K/F)E_2^+(\tau) \] is the holomorphic projection of the diagonal restriction of the central derivative of some incoherent Hilbert Eisenstein series on \(\tilde{F}\). Here \(E^+_2(\tau)\) is an Eisenstein series of weight \(2\). \vskip 0.1in The third application of Theorem 1 is to find an explicit arithmetic intersection formula between arithmetic Humbert surfaces and CM cycles in the arithmetic Siegel modular variety of genus two. More precisely, let \(\mathcal A_2\) be the moduli stack of principally polarized abelian surfaces. For each integer \(m\), let \(G_m\) be the Humbert surface in \({\mathcal A}_2(\mathbb C)\). Let \(\mathcal G_m\) be the flat closure of \(G_m\) in \(\mathcal A_2\). For a quartic CM number field \(K\), let \({\mathcal CM}_S(K)\) be the moduli stack of principally polarized CM abelian surfaces by \(\mathcal O_K\). \vskip 0.1in \noindent \textbf{Theorem 4}: Assume \(K\) satisfies the condition in Theorem 1 and that \(Dm\) is not a square. Then \({\mathcal CM}_S(K)\) and \(\mathcal G_m\) intersect properly, and \[ {\mathcal CM}_S(K). {\mathcal G}_m = \frac{1}{2} \sum_{\substack{ n>0, \\ \frac{Dm-n^2}{4} \in {\mathbb Z}_{>0}}} b_{\frac{Dm-n^2}{4}}. \] \vskip 0.1in The fourth and the last application is to prove Lauter's conjecture about the denominators of CM values of Igusa invariants subject to the condition of Theorem 1.