\(p\)-embeddings (Q387187)

In 2013, the authors introduced the notion of \(p\)-extension of rings [Contemporary Mathematics 609, 19--32 (2014; Zbl 1302.13012)]. An extension of rings \(R \hookrightarrow S\) is a \(p\)-extension if for each \(s\in S\) there is an \(r\in R\) such that \(sS = rS\). The extension \(R \hookrightarrow S\) is an associate \(p\)-extension if for each \(s\in S\) there are an \(r\in R\) and a unit \(u\) of \(S\) such that \(r = su\). In the present paper, for a subspace \(Y\) of a Tychonoff space \(X\), the authors consider the ring homomorphism \(\Psi : C(X) \rightarrow C(Y)\) induced by restriction. The authors say that \(Y\) is (associate) \(p\)-embedded in \(X\) if \(C(Y)\) is an (associate) \(p\)-extension of \(\Psi(C(X))\). If \(C^*(Y)\) is an (associate) \(p\)-extension of \(\Psi(C^*(X))\) then they say that \(Y\) is (associate) \(p^*\)-embedded in \(X\). The authors show that \(Y\) is \(C^*\)-embedded in \(X\) iff \(Y\) is \(p^*\)-embedded in \(X\) iff \(Y\) is associate \(p^*\)-embedded in \(X\). They also show that a \(C^*\)-embedded subspace of \(X\) is \(p\)-embedded and a \(p\)-embedded subspace of \(X\) is \(z\)-embedded; \(Y\) is called \(z\)-embedded in \(X\) if for any zero-set \(Z\) of \(Y\) there is a zero-set \(W\) of \(X\) such that \(W\cap Y = Z\). A point \(p\in X\) is called a \(C^*\)-point if \(X - \{p\}\) is \(C^*\)-embedded in \(X\). The authors study \(C^*\)-points and \(G_\delta\)-points of a linearly ordered space using the notion of \(p\)-embedding and \(z\)-embedding. The authors also raise a few open questions in their paper.