The full group of automorphisms of non-orientable unbordered Klein surfaces of topological genus 3, 4 and 5. (Q395154)

Any orientable, closed surface \(S\) can be given the structure of a Riemann surface, and if its genus is larger than 2 this amounts to viewing \(S\) as a quotient of the upper half-plane \({\mathcal H}\) by a subgroup of the group \(\mathrm{PSL}_2(\mathbb{R})\) of its direct isometries. Klein surfaces are a generalization of Riemann surfaces which allow to consider surfaces with non-empty boundary and non-orientable ones, by considering quotients of \({\mathcal H}\) by subgroups of the group \(\mathrm{PGL}_2(\mathbb{R})\) of all isometries. If \(S\) is a compact surface with topological genus \(g\) and \(k\) boundary components, its algebraic genus is by definition equal to \( g + k - 1\) if \(S\) is non-orientable and \(2g + k -1\) otherwise; if \(S\) is endowed with the structure of a Klein surface, it has a double cover, which is a Riemann surface, and Hurwitz's theorem gives a bound on the size of the automorphism group of \(S\) (equivalently, the size of the finite group \(N_{\mathrm{PGL}_2(\mathbb{R})}(\Lambda)/\Lambda\) if \(S=\Lambda\backslash{\mathcal H}\)) in terms of the algebraic genus. In this paper the authors completely determine such groups occuring when the algebraic genus of \(S\) is 3, 4 or 5 (in the aptly named Theorems 3, 4, and 5) after studying which groups act on such surfaces.