No label defined (Q4023239)

A pair \(\langle X,R\rangle\), where \(X\) is a set and \(R = \{r_ \alpha\}_{\alpha \in S}\) is a set of relations on \(X\), is called a relational system. The paper deals with several general methods of constructions of closure and interior operators in relational systems and it describes several topologies associated with these operators. The constructed topologies have the property that if one starts with a topological space \(X\) with a topology \({\mathcal T}\), then the ``relational topology'' \({\mathcal T}_ R\) in \(X\) is equal to \(\mathcal T\). The paper consists of four chapters. Chapter I (Operators) introduces the main notions: For a relational system \(\langle X,R\rangle\) put \(R^ -(x) = \{r\in R;\;\mu r^ -(x) \neq \emptyset\}\), \(R^ +(x) = \{r \in R;\;\mu r^ +(x) \neq \emptyset\}\), where \(\mu r^ -(x) = \{y \in X;\;y r x\}\), \(\mu r^ +(x) = \{y \in X;\;x r y\}\). Then \({\mathcal T}_{R^ -} = \{A \subseteq X;\) for every \(x \in X\) there is \(r \in R\) with \(\emptyset \neq \mu r^ -(x) \subseteq A\}\), \({\mathcal T}_{R^ +} = \{A \subseteq X;\) for every \(x \in X\) there is \(r \in R\) with \(\emptyset \neq \mu r^ +(x) \subseteq A\}\), \({\mathcal T}_{R^ \pm} = \{A \subseteq X;\) for every \(x \in X\) there is \(r \in R\) with either \(\emptyset \neq \mu r^ -(x) \subseteq A\) or \(\emptyset \neq \mu r^ +(x) \subseteq A\}\). Denote \({\mathcal F}_{R^ -} = \{F \subseteq X;\;X\setminus F \in {\mathcal T}_{R^ -}\}\), analogously \({\mathcal F}_{R^ +}\), \({\mathcal F}_{R^ \pm}\). The operators \(p_{R^ -}\), \(p_{R^ +}\), \(p_{R^ \pm}\) are defined by: \(p_{R^ -}(A)\) is the smallest set \(F \in {\mathcal F}_{R^ -}\) for which \(F \supseteq A\), analogously \(p_{R^ +}\), \(p_{R^ \pm}\). Properties of the families \({\mathcal T}_{R^ -}\), \({\mathcal T}_{R^ \pm}\), and operators \(p_{R^ -}\), \(p_{R^ \pm}\) are investigated. Further operators \(p_{{\mathcal M}^ -}\), \(p_{{\mathcal M}^ +}\), \(p_{{\mathcal M}^ \pm}\) are introduced by \(p_{{\mathcal M}^ -}(A) = \{x \in X;\;\mu r^ -(x) \cap A \neq \emptyset\) for all \(r \in R^ -(x)\}\) \(p_{{\mathcal M}^ \pm}(A) = \{x \in X;\;\mu r^ -(x) \cap A \neq \emptyset\) or \(\mu r^ +(x) \cap A \neq \emptyset\) for all \(r \in R^ - (x) \cup R^ +(x)\}\). Connections between \(p_ R\) and \(p_{\mathcal M}\) operators are investigated. In chapter II (Families of sets determined by closure operators) the families \({\mathcal T}_{{\mathcal M}^ -}\), \({\mathcal T}_{{\mathcal M}^ +}\), \({\mathcal T}_{{\mathcal M}^ \pm}\) are defined by means of the operators \(p_{{\mathcal M}^ -}\), \(p_{{\mathcal M}^ +}\), \(p_{{\mathcal M}^ \pm}\) (e.g. \(U \in {\mathcal T}_{{\mathcal M}^ -}\) iff \(X\setminus U = p_{{\mathcal M}^ -}(X\setminus U))\). Connections between them and \({\mathcal T}_{R^ +}\), \({\mathcal T}_{R^ -}\), \({\mathcal T}_{R^ \pm}\) are studied. In Chapter III (Topologies) the conditions for families \({\mathcal T}_ R\) and \({\mathcal T}_{\mathcal M}\) are given to form topologies on \(X\). Moreover, the notion of equivalent relational systems is defined, and the connections between this notion and the first axiom of countability is considered. Also the \(T_ 0\) and \(T_ 1\) axioms are discussed in \(\langle X,{\mathcal T}_ R\rangle\) and \(\langle X,{\mathcal T}_{\mathcal M}\rangle\). The last chapter (Examples) deals with topological spaces, uniform spaces, metric spaces and modular spaces as relational systems. The \(V_ D\)-spaces (used also in physics) are mentioned.