No label defined (Q4028476)

[For the entire collection see Zbl 0747.00033.] We identify the vertices of the digraph \(G_ m\) with the set \(V_ m=\{0,1,2,\dots,m-1\}\). The ordered pair \((a,b)\) is an edge of \(G_ m\) if and only if \(a^ 2\equiv b\pmod m\). Our general aim is to show how the number theoretic properties of \(m\) and \(\varphi(m)\) are closely related to certain ``geometric'' properties of the digraph \(G_ m\). In this paper the modulus will always be \(p^ k\), or \(2p^ k\), where \(p\) is an odd prime and \(k\geq 1\). These are the only numbers (except for 1, 2, and 4) which have primitive roots. The results are straightforward generalizations of our earlier paper [On the digraph defined by squaring modulo \(n\), preprint], which was a more leisurely exposition of the prime modulus case.