A variation norm Carleson theorem (Q409044)

For a sequence of numbers \(a=\{a_n\}_{n=0}^\infty\) one defines its \(r\) variation norm \(\|a\|_{V^r}\) by \[ \|a\|_{V^r} =\sup_K\sup_{n_0<n_1<\cdots<n_K} \left(\sum_{\ell=1}^{K}|a_{n_\ell}-a_{n_{\ell-1}}|^r\right)^{1/r}. \] In a similar fashion, the \(r\) variation norm is defined, if the index set \(\{0,1,\dots\}\) is replaced by \(\mathbb R\), etc. Let \[ S_nf(x)=\sum_{k=-n}^{n}\widehat{f_k}e^{2\pi ikx} \] be the partial sum for the Fourier series of an integrable function \(f\) on the circle group \(\mathbb T= \mathbb R/\mathbb Z\). As is well-known, the Carleson-Hunt theorem states \[ \|\sup_n|S_nf|\|_{L^p(\mathbb T)}\leq C_p\|f\|_{L^p(\mathbb T)}. \] The authors strengthen this, and show the following: Suppose \(r>2\) and \(r'<p<\infty\). Then \[ \bigl\|\|\{S_nf(x)\}\|_{V^r}\bigr\|_{L^p(\mathbb T)}\leq C_p\|f\|_{L^p(\mathbb T)}. \] At the endpoint \(p=r'\) a restricted weak type result holds; namely, for any \(f\in L^{r',1}(\mathbb T)\) the \(r\) variation norm \(\|\{S_nf(x)\}\|_{V^r}\) belongs to \(L^{r',\infty}(\mathbb T)\). By standard transference arguments, the above is implied by the following result on the partial inverse Fourier integral of a Schwartz function \(f\) on \(\mathbb R\) defined by \[ \mathcal S[f](\xi,x)=\int_{-\infty}^{\xi}\widehat f(\eta)e^{2\pi i\eta x}d\eta: \] Suppose \(r>2\) and \(r'<p<\infty\). Then \[ \bigl\|\|\{S[f](\xi,x)\}_{\xi\in\mathbb R}\|_{V^r}\bigr\|_{L^p(\mathbb R)} \leq C_p\|f\|_{L^p(\mathbb R)}. \] At the endpoint \(p=r'\), for any \(f\in L^{r',1}(\mathbb R)\) the \(r\) variation norm \(\|\{S[f](\xi,x)\}_{\xi\in\mathbb R}\|_{V^r}\) belongs to \(L^{r',\infty}(\mathbb R)\). The proof mainly follows the method of two papers: \textit{M. Lacey} and \textit{C. Thiele} [``A proof of boundedness of the Carleson operator'', Math. Res. Lett. 7, No. 4, 361--370 (2000; Zbl 0966.42009)], and \textit{L. Grafakos, T. Tao} and \textit{E. Terwilleger} [``\(L^p\) bounds for a maximal dyadic sum operator'', Math. Z. 246, No. 1--2, 321--337 (2004; Zbl 1076.42013)]. Four appendices are given and concerned with transference, a variation norm Menshov-Paley-Zygmund theorem, and application to nonlinear Fourier transforms and ergodic theory.