Markov operators on the space of vector measures; coloured fractals (Q4236441)

The aim of the paper is to define and study Markov operators acting on the space of reflexive Banach space valued measures. This class of operators provides the tools to prove a convergence theorem for Iterated Function Systems (IFS) defined on spaces of vector measures, and to use this type of IFS for the construction of coloured fractals. The framework is as follows: one considers a compact metric space \((X,\rho)\), a separable reflexive real Banach space \((E,\| \cdot\|)\), and the space \({\mathcal M}\) of \(\sigma\)-additive measures \(\mu:{\mathcal B}_X\to E\), where \({\mathcal B}_X\) is the family of Borel subsets of \(X\). On the space \({\mathcal M}\) is defined the so-called Fortet-Mourier norm \(\|\cdot\|_{\mathcal F}\). The semivariation \(\|\mu \|\), and the variation \(| \mu|\) of a measure \(\mu\in {\mathcal M}\), as set functions are also defined. In this context it is proved that the subspace: \[ {\mathcal M}_K=\{\mu\in {\mathcal M} | \|\mu\|(X)\leq K\},\quad K>0, \] is complete and the set \[ \{\mu\in {\mathcal M}\mid |\mu| (X)\leq K\} \] is a closed subspace of \({\mathcal M}_K\). Next, the properties of functionals on \(({\mathcal M},\|\cdot\|_{\mathcal F})\) are studied. The results on \(({\mathcal M},\|\cdot\|_{\mathcal F})\) and its adjoint space are exploited to define and study Markov operators on \({\mathcal M}\). Fixing an element \(e\in E\), a Markov operator on \({\mathcal M}\) is a linear operator \(P:{\mathcal M}\to{\mathcal M}\), satisfying the conditions \[ \| P\mu\|(X)\leq \|\mu\|(X),\quad \forall \mu\in{\mathcal M}, \] \[ P\mu(X)=e,\text{ for }\mu\in{\mathcal M},\quad \text{such that } \mu(X)=e. \] A Markov operator \(P\) is called asymptotically stable if there exists a measure \(\mu_*\in{\mathcal M}\) such that \(\mu_*(X)=e\), \(P\mu_*=\mu_*\) and \[ \lim_{n\to\infty}\| P^n\mu-\mu_*\|_{\mathcal F}=0\text{ for }\mu\in{\mathcal M}\quad \text{with }\mu(X)=e. \] The authors present contractive Feller operators, and Markov operators of the second type, as special classes of Markov operators. The Markov operators of the second type act on the space: \[ {\mathcal M}_{\text{fin}}=\{ \mu\in{\mathcal M}\mid | \mu |(X)<\infty\}. \] The main results concerning these types of operators state that a contractive Feller operator, continuous with respect to Fortet-Mourier norm, is asymptotically stable, and a continuous contractive Feller operator of the second type has also this property. These results allow the extension of the well-known criteria of asymptotic stability of IFS acting on real valued measures to IFS acting on vector measures. Namely, an IFS represented by \(N\) Lipschitzian mappings \(S_j:X\to X\), of constants \(L_j\), associated to linear and continuous operators \(T_j\), \(j=1,2,\ldots,N\), satisfying the conditions \[ \sum_{j=1}^N\| T_j \|\leq 1,\quad \sum_{j=1}^N T_je=e, \quad \sum_{j=1}^N L_j\| T_j \|<1 \] defines the operator \(P:{\mathcal M}\to{\mathcal M}\), by \(P\mu(B)=\sum_{j=1}^N T_j\mu(S_j^{-1}(B))\), and it is proved that \(P\) is a contractive Feller operator, and it is asymptotically stable. Hence the operator \(P\) can be used to construct coloured fractals.