The Connection between the Characteristic Roots and the Corresponding Solutions of a Single Linear Differential Equation with Comparable Coefficients (Q4264458)

There is considered a homogeneous linear differential equation of the form \[ x^{(n)}+ a_1(t)x^{(n-1)}+ \cdots+ a_n(t)x=0\tag{1} \] with variable coefficients defined on the positive semi-axis for \(t\gg 1\) and its fundamental set of solutions in the form \[ \left\{\exp \left[\int \gamma_i (t)dt \right]\right\}\quad (i=1,2, \dots,n).\tag{2} \] The author studies the asymptotic connection (as \(t\to\infty)\) between the logarithmic derivatives \(\gamma_i(t)\) and the roots of the characteristic equation \[ y^n+a_1(t)y^{n-1} +\cdots +a_n(t)=0. \tag{3} \] The complete set of roots of (3) is denoted by \[ \Lambda=\bigl\{\lambda_j (t)\bigr\}, \quad j=1,2, \dots,n. \] Firstly, there is given a short review of the theory of the functions possessing the power order of growth. Thus, we say that the functions \(f(t)\) belongs to class \(C_t\) if for each \(n=0,1, \dots\), there exists the derivative \(f^{(n)}(t)\) for \(t\gg 1\) and \(f^{(n)}(t)= 0(t^{-n})\) for \(t\to+ \infty\), and we say that \(f(t)\) has an analytic estimate \(p\) which is written as \(\pi\{f(t)\}=p\), if there exists the infimum \(\inf\{r\}=p\) for all real numbers \(r\) such that \(f(t)t^{-r}\in C_t\); \(f(t)\in O_t\) means that \(\pi\{f(t)\}=-\infty\). We say that \(f(t)\) belongs to class \(A_t\) of the order \(k\) if \(f(t)\neq 0\) for \(t\gg 1\) and \(tf'(t)/f(t)-k\in C_t\). Two functions \(f(t)\) and \(g(t)\) are said to be equivalent for \(t\to + \infty\), which is written \(f(t)\sim g(t)\) for \(t\to+\infty\), if for any \(\varepsilon>0\) there is a number \(T_\varepsilon\) such that \(|f(t)-g(t) |\leq\varepsilon|g(t)|\) for \(t\geq T_\varepsilon\). A function \(\lambda (t)\in\Lambda\) is said to be a \(k\)-asymptotically multiple root of (3) for \(t\to+\infty\) if there exist exactly \(k\) roots belonging to \(\Lambda\) such that all functions are equivalent to \(\lambda(t)\) for \(t\to\infty\). One of the main results of this paper states that if all roots \(\lambda_j(t)\), \(j=1,2, \dots,n\), of (3) belong to \(A_t\cup O_t\) and equation (1) has the formal solution \(x(t)=\exp [\int g(t)dt]\), \(g(t)\in A_t\cup O_t\) and for any \(j=1, \dots,n\), there exists at least one finite limit \(\lim_{t\to +\infty} [g(t)/ \lambda_j (t)]\) or \(\lim[\lambda_j(t)/g(t)]\), then if (i) \(\prod\{g(t)\}>-1\), there exists a root \(\lambda(t)\in\Lambda\) such that \(\lambda(t)\sim g(t)\) for \(t\to+ \infty\), (ii) if \(\prod\{g(t)\}\leq-1\), then there is a root \(\lambda(t) \in \Lambda\) with the estimate \(\prod\{\lambda(t)\}\leq-1\). Another result states that if all \(\lambda_i(t)\in\Lambda\) belong to certain algebraic closed field \(Q\) and \(\lambda(t) \in\Lambda\) is a \(q\)-asymptotically multiple root of (3) for \(t\to+\infty\) and \(\prod\{\lambda(t)\}>-1\), then there exists a substitution of the form \(x=\widetilde x\exp [\int g(t)dt]\) in (1) where \(g(t)\in Q\) and \(g(t)\sim \lambda(t)\) for \(t\to+\infty\) such that the new obtained complete set of roots \(\widetilde\Lambda =\{\widetilde \lambda_i\}\) contains exactly \(q\) roots for which either \(\widetilde\lambda(t)=0(\lambda(t))\), \(t\to+\infty\), of \(\prod\{\lambda(t)\}\leq -1\).