No label defined (Q4336926)

Let \(R\) be a ring and \(M\) be a right \(R\)-module. For a subset \(S\) of \(M\), denote the right annihilator of \(S\) by \(r_R(S)=r(S)=\{a\in R:Sa=0\}\). If \(x\in M\) then \(r(x)\) is a principal right annihilator. A singular submodule \(Z_r(M)\) of the right \(R\)-module \(M\) is defined as the set of all \(x\in M\) such that \(r(x)\) is an essential right ideal of \(R\), i.e. \(r(x)\cap H\neq 0\) for every nonzero right ideal \(H\) of \(R\). The singular submodule \(Z_r(R)\) of the right \(R\)-module \(R_R\) is an ideal of \(R\), which is called the right singular ideal of \(R\). A ring \(R\) is right singular if \(Z_r(R)=R\) and right nonsingular if \(Z_r(R)=0\). The purpose of this paper is to discuss how to use the right singular ideal to define a radical. One could obviously try to do this by saying that a ring \(R\) is \(\mathcal Z\)-radical if \(R\) is a right singular ring. However, this property is not a radical property. The author defines the generalized singular ideal of \(R\) as follows: Let \(Z_1=Z_r(R)\). For any ordinal number \(\alpha\) define \(Z_\alpha\) by: (i) If \(\alpha=\beta+1\) is not a limit ordinal, then \(Z_\alpha\) is the ideal of \(R\) such that \(Z_\alpha/Z_\beta=Z_r(R/Z_\beta)\). (ii) If \(\alpha\) is a limit ordinal, then \(Z_\alpha=\bigcup_{\beta\leq\alpha} Z_\beta\). An ordinal number \(\rho\) exists such that \(Z_\rho=Z_\gamma\) for every ordinal number \(\gamma\geq\rho\). Denote \(Z_\rho\) by \(Z=Z(R)\) and call \(Z\) the generalized singular ideal of \(R\). Thus \(R/Z\) is a right nonsingular ring and \(Z(R/Z)=0\). The author shows that if \(R\) satisfies the ascending chain condition on principal right annihilators then \(Z\) is contained in the prime radical \(\beta(R)\). The author shows another way of constructing an ideal \(G\) such that \(R/G\) is a right nonsingular ring. Let \(Z_1'=Z_1\), and denote by \(Z_R(M)\) the singular ideal of a right \(R\)-module \(M\). Since \(R/Z_1'\) is a right \(R\)-module, let \(Z_2'\) be the right ideal of \(R\) such that \(Z_2'/Z_1'=Z_R(R/Z_1')\). Define \(Z_\alpha'\) by \(Z_\alpha'=\bigcup_{\beta<\alpha} Z_\beta'\) in case \(\alpha\) is a limit ordinal number and by \(Z_\alpha'/Z_\beta'=Z_R(R/Z_\beta')\) if \(\alpha=\beta+1\). Let \(G\) be the right ideal \(Z_\mu'\) where \(\mu\) is an ordinal number such that \(Z_\gamma'=Z_\mu'\) for every \(\gamma\geq\mu\). It is shown that \(G=Z_2'\) is a two-sided ideal of \(R\) and \(Z_r(R/G)=0\). Furthermore, \(Z\subseteq G\). In the final section of the paper, the author shows that the class \(\mathcal Z\) of prime nonsingular rings is a special class of rings. For the entire collection see [Zbl 0829.00007].