Representations of unitary relations between Kreĭn spaces (Q434291)

Isometric and unitary operators and linear relations in Krein spaces are nowadays a common tool in the extension theory of symmetric operators. Boundary triplets (and its various generalizations) can be viewed as unitary relations in properly chosen Krein spaces. The same applies to Dirac structures which appear in systems theory. The purpose of the present paper is the study of general properties and structures of isometric and unitary relations in Krein spaces. The first main result is the so-called Weyl identity: In the case of a unitary operator \(U\), the image of \(U\) restricted to the positive part of a fundamental decomposition of the Krein space equals the orthogonal complement of the image of \(U\) restricted to the negative part of the fundamental decomposition. The result is then utilized to show a quasi-block representation for unitary operators which extends a representation result for everywhere defined unitary operators with an everywhere defined inverse from the book [\textit{T. Ya.\ Azizov} and \textit{I. S.\ Iokhvidov}, Linear operators in space with an indefinite metric. Transl. from the Russian by E. R. Dawson. Chichester: John Wiley \& Sons Ltd. (1989; Zbl 0714.47028)]. Here, quasi-block representation is understood as a product of a everywhere defined unitary operator with an everywhere defined inverse with a \(2\times2\) block operator matrix with entries described via a contraction mapping from the positive part of a fundamental decomposition of the Krein space into the negative part. The second main result of the paper is a proper block representation of unitary operators. In contrast to the above quasi-block representation, which is given with respect to a fundamental decomposition and, hence, with respect to a maximal uniformly positive/negative subspace, the proper block representation is now given with respect to new ``coordinates'', i.e., with respect to a decomposition of the Krein space which involves a hyper-maximal semi-definite subspace. As a consequence of these different representations, also several new necessary and sufficient conditions for an isometric relation to be unitary are obtained.