No label defined (Q4344992)

In 1968, E. P. Armendariz proved that a radical \(\alpha\) is hereditary if and only if every ring having a large \(\alpha\)-semisimple ideal is itself \(\alpha\)-semisimple. The authors investigate how this result can be extended to left hereditary radicals containing \(\beta\), the Baer lower radical. Let \(R\) be an associative ring and \(L\) be a left ideal of \(R\). Let \(L_l=\{r\in R\mid rL=0\}\). The left ideal \(L\) of \(R\) is called a large left ideal of \(R\) if \(L\cap I\neq 0\) for each nonzero ideal \(I\) of \(R\). The authors prove that if \(L\) is a large left ideal of \(R\) and \(R\) is semiprime then \(L\simeq(L+L_l)/L_l\). Furthermore, \(R/L_l\) is a semiprime ring and \((L+L_l)/L_l\) is a large left ideal of \(R/L_l\). They then give a necessary and sufficient condition for a radical \(\alpha\subset\beta\) to be left hereditary. In the final section of the paper, the authors use their results to show the lower radical determined by all almost nilpotent rings is left hereditary.