Pseudocomplements in the lattice of torsion classes (Q4380600)

Let \(R\) be a ring and let \(\gamma\) be a class of \(R\)-modules. The authors investigate ten operators on classes; for example, \(H\gamma=\{M\in\text{Mod-}R\mid M\hookrightarrow X\in\gamma\}\), \(E\gamma=\{M\in\text{mod-}R\mid X\) is essential in \(M\) for some \(X\in\gamma\}\), \(F\gamma=\{M\in\text{mod-}R\mid X\subseteq M\) and \(X\in\gamma\) implies \(X=0\}\), and \(T\gamma=\{M\in\text{mod-}R\mid M/X\in\gamma\) implies \(X=M\}\). The class \(HE\gamma\) is closed under submodules, finite direct sums, essential extensions, and extensions. Conditions under which \(HE\gamma\) is a torsion class or a torsionfree class are studied. Nonstandardly, let \(R\)-tors denote the class of all torsion classes of \(\text{mod-}R\), and let \(R\)-htors be the set of all hereditary torsion classes of \(\text{mod-}R\). Let \(\overline\gamma=THE\gamma\). If \(\tau\in R\)-tors, then \(\tau\) is contained in the hereditary torsion class \(\overline{\overline\tau}\), which has a unique pseudocomplement \(\overline\tau\) in \(R\)-htors and a unique pseudocomplement \(T\overline{\overline\tau}\) in \(R\)-tors such that \(\overline{\overline\tau}\subseteq F\overline\tau\). If \(\gamma\in R\)-htors, then \(\overline\tau\) and \(T\tau\) are its unique pseudocomplements in \(R\)-htors and \(R\)-tors, respectively. If \(\tau,\nu\in R\)-tors and \(\tau\subseteq\nu\subseteq\overline{\overline\tau}\), then \(\overline\nu=\overline\tau\). Let \(\sigma\) denote the class of subdirectly irreducible \(R\)-modules; then \(HE\sigma=\sigma\). The relationships of the operators and \(\sigma\) are studied. For example, if \(\tau\in R\)-tors, \(\tau=T(HE\tau\cap\sigma)=THE(\tau\cap\sigma)=T(E\overline{\overline\tau}\cap\sigma)=TE(\overline{\overline\tau}\cap\sigma)\). Thus, for \(\tau\in R\)-tors, \(\overline{\overline\tau}(M)=0\) if and only if \(M\) is a subdirect product of modules \(M_\alpha\), where \(H(M_\alpha)\in\tau\). For \(\tau\in R\)-tors, \(\tau=\overline{\overline\tau}\) if and only if \(\tau\) is a hereditary torsion theory cogenerated by a set of simple modules. If \(\tau\in R\)-tors is hereditary or closed under essential extensions and if \(\tau\) has a complement in \(R\)-tors, then \(\overline{\tau}\) is the complement. The following conditions are equivalent for \(\tau\in R\)-tors: (1) \(\tau\vee\overline\tau=\text{mod-}R\), (2) \(E\tau=F\overline\tau\), (3) \(E\overline\tau=F\tau\), (4) \(\tau\in R\)-htors and \(E\tau\) is closed under direct products, (5) \(E\tau\) is a torsionfree class, and (6) \(E\overline\tau\) is a torsionfree class. For \(\tau\in R\)-tors, \(\overline\tau=T\tau\) if any of the following conditions hold: (1) \(\tau\) is hereditary and stable, (2) \(\tau\) and \(T\tau\) are stable, or (3) \(\tau\in R\)-htors and \(R\) is a commutative noetherian ring.