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Presupposing familiarity with the basic concepts of differential geometry, this small book gives a quick introduction to the theory of foliations, Lie groupoids and Lie algebroids. The interplay between the three concepts is constantly emphasized. Lie groupoids play a central role in the study of the transversal structure of a foliation by means of its holonomy and monodromy groupoids. Foliations are a special kind of Lie groupoids. The book consists of six chapters. The first three chapters form a good introduction to the theory of foliations. In Chapter 5, the notion of Lie groupoid is introduced, and its elementary properties are discussed. The final chapter is devoted to the infinitesimal counterpart of Lie groupoid, namely, Lie algebroid, where it is examined how far the classical correspondence between Lie algebras and Lie groups can be extended to Lie algebroids and Lie groupoids. In Chapter 4, the authors discuss homogeneous and transversely parallelizable foliations, as well as Lie foliations, culminating in Molino's structure theorem for Riemannian foliations. Transversely parallelizable foliations provide natural examples of Lie algebroids which are not integrable.