Stability and instability of the KdV solitary wave under the KP-I flow (Q443874)

The authors consider the KP-I equation \[ \partial_tu+u\partial_xu+\partial_x^3u-\partial_x^{-1}\partial_y^2u=0,\quad x\in\mathbb{R},\quad y\in\mathbb{R}/2\pi\mathbb{Z}, \] and the gKP-I equation \[ \partial_tu-c\partial_xu+u^p\partial_xu+\partial_x^3u-\partial_x^{-1}\partial_y^2u=0,\quad p=1,2,3,\quad x\in\mathbb{R},\quad y\in\mathbb{R}/2\pi\mathbb{Z}. \] The antiderivative \(\partial_x^{-1}\) in theses equations is defined as the multiplication of the Fourier transform with the singular factor \((i\xi)^{-1}\). They prove that the KdV soliton with subcritical speed \(0 < c < c^*\) is orbitally stable under the global KP-I flow constructed by \textit{A. D. Ionescu} and \textit{C. E. Kenig} [Ann. Math. Stud. 163, 181--211 (2007; Zbl 1387.35528)]. For supercritical speeds \(c>c^*\), in the spirit of the work by \textit{T. Duyckaerts} and \textit{F. Merle} [Geom. Funct. Anal. 18, No. 6, 1787--1840 (2008; Zbl 1232.35150)], the authors sharpen their previous instability result and construct a global solution which is different from the solitary wave and its translates and which converges to the solitary wave as time goes to infinity. This last result also holds for the gKP-I equation.