An infinite string of ants and Borel's method of summability (Q444044)

The authors consider the linear system of equations \[ q'_{n}(t)=q_{n-1}(t)-q_{n}(t), \,\,\,-\infty< n <\infty, \] with the initial condition \[ q_{n}(0)=q_{n}, \] where \(\{q_n\}_{-\infty}^{\infty}\) is a bounded sequence of complex numbers. They write \[ q'(t)=(U-I)q(t), \] \[ q(0)=q, \] where \(U\) is the shift operator on sequences and \(q=(\dots,q_{-2},q_{-1},q_0,q_1,q_2,\dots)\) is an element of the space of bounded complex sequences. They prove the following theorems: Theorem 1. If \(\lim _{n \to -\infty}q_n (0)=c\), then \(q(t)\) converges in \(\ell ^{\infty}(\mathbb{Z})\) to the constant vector \((\dots,c,c,c,\dots)\). Theorem 2. Assume that for some \(n_0\) there exists a number \(a\) such that \[ \frac{1}{N+1}\sum _{k=0}^{N}q_{n_{0}-k}(0)=a+o\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}\right). \] Then \(\lim _{t \to \infty} q_n (t)=a\) for every \(n\). Theorem 3. The \(\ell ^{\infty}\)-induced norm of \((U-I)e^{(U-I)t}\) converges to \(0\) as \(t \to \infty\). Thus, for every \(q(0) \in \ell ^{\infty} (\mathbb{Z})\), \(q'(t)\) converges to zero in \(\ell ^{\infty} (\mathbb{Z})\) as \(t \to \infty\), and, moreover, if \(q(0)\) belongs to \((U-I)\ell ^{\infty}\), the range space of \(U-I\) acting on \(\ell ^{\infty} (\mathbb{Z})\), then \(q(t)\) converges to zero in \(\ell ^{\infty} (\mathbb{Z})\) as \(t \to \infty\).