Phase reduction of weakly perturbed limit cycle oscillations in time-delay systems (Q446140)

Consider a weakly perturbed limit cycle oscillator described by the delay differential system \[ x'(t) = F(x(t), x(t-\tau)) +\varepsilon \psi(t), \] where \(x\) and \(\psi\) are \(n\)-dimensional vectors, \(\tau >0\) and \(0 <\varepsilon\ll 1\) are constants. It is assumed that the system for \(\varepsilon = 0\) has a stable limit cycle \(\tilde{x}\) with \(\tilde{x}(t + T) = \tilde{x}(t)\). For any positive integer \(N\), using the approximation \(x_j(t) \approx x(t-j\tau/N)\) for \(j = 0, 1, \dotsc, N\), the above system of DDEs is approximated by the system of ODEs \[ \begin{aligned} x_0'(t) &= F(x_0(t), x_N(t)) +\varepsilon\psi(t),\\ x_j'(t) &= [x_{j-1}(t)-x_j(t)]N/\tau,\qquad 1\leq j\leq N.\end{aligned} \] Then, the phase reduction method is applied to this system of ODEs. The adjoint equation with an appropriate initial condition for the infinitesimal phase response curve of a time delay system is derived. The method is demonstrated numerically for the Mackey-Glass equation as well as for a chaotic Rössler system subject to a delayed feedback control.