STRONG TYPE INEQUALITIES AND AN ALMOST-ORTHOGONALITY PRINCIPLE FOR FAMILIES OF MAXIMAL OPERATORS ALONG DIRECTIONS IN ${\bb R}^2$ (Q4467580)

Let \(\Omega\) be a subset of \([0,\frac\pi4)\). Let \(\Omega_0=\{\theta_l; l=1,2,\dots\}\subset\Omega\) with \(\theta_0=\frac\pi4>\theta_1>\theta_2>\cdots\geq0\), and \(\Omega_l=\{\alpha\in \Omega; \theta_l\leq\alpha<\theta_{l-1}\}\). Suppose \(\Omega=\cup_{l}\Omega_l\). The maximal operators associated to these sets are defined as \[ M_{\Omega_0}f(x,y)=\sup_{h>0,j\geq1} \Bigl| \frac{1}{2h}\int_{-h}^{h}f(x-t\cos\theta_j, y-t\sin\theta_j)dt\Bigr|; \] \[ M_{\Omega_j}f(x,y)=\sup_{h>0,\theta\in \Omega_j} \Bigl| \frac{1}{2h}\int_{-h}^{h}f(x-t\cos\theta_j, y-t\sin\theta_j)dt\Bigr|\quad (j\geq1); \] \[ M_\Omega f(x,y)=\sup_{j\geq1}M_{\Omega_j}f(x,y). \] The author gives that \(L^p\)-bounds of \(M_\Omega\) are determined by those of \(M_{\Omega_j}\) and the particular structure of the separating set \(\Omega_0\). To state more precisely, let \[ \Delta_j=\{(x,y)\in \mathbb R^n; \theta_{j}-| \theta_{j-1}-\theta_j| /20\leq \arctan(x/(-y))<\theta_{j-1}+| \theta_{j-1}-\theta_j| /20 \} \] and \[ \tilde\Delta_j=\{(x,y)\in \mathbb R^n; \theta_{j}-| \theta_{j-1}-\theta_j| /10\leq \arctan(x/(-y))<\theta_{j-1}+| \theta_{j-1}-\theta_j| /10 \}. \] And pick functions \(\omega_j\), homogeneous of degree zero, \(C^\infty\) on \(S^1\), identically equal to \(1\) on \(\Delta_j\) and vanishing outside \(\tilde\Delta_j\). Define \(S_j\) by \((S_jf){\,}\hat{}=\omega_j\hat f\), and \(Sf(x)=(\sum_{j\geq1}| S_jf(x)| ^2)^{1/2}\). The main result is: \[ \| M_\Omega\| _{L^p} \leq C_p(\| M_{\Omega_0}f\| _{L^p} +\sup_j\| M_{\Omega_j}\| _{L^p\to L^{p}}\| Sf\| _{L^p}^{\max(1,2/p)}). \] Applications to several similar types of maximal operators such as for lacunary sets \(\Omega\) etc. are provided.