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This book provides a simple and readable introduction to the modern structure theory of associative rings. The text covers the major topics in ring and module theory and includes both fundamental classical results and more recent developments. The basic tools of investigation are methods of the theory of modules which allow a very simple and clear approach both to classical and new results. The principal feature of this book is the connection of the theory of directed graphs with the structure theory of rings and using the quiver technique in it. First in this book the authors introduce the notions of a quiver and a prime quiver for associative rings and apply them in the structure theory of rings. The book consists of nine chapters and covers more or less the basics of the ring and module theory. In particular, it covers various decompositions of rings, Artinian and Noetherian rings, commutative domains and finitely generated modules over them, semiperfect and local rings. A considerable part of the book is devoted to the study of a special class of rings, namely, serial rings. Chapter 1 introduces the fundamental tools for studying ring theory. It includes some important concepts that play a central role in the theory of rings. In particular, it presents proofs of the fundamental isomorphism theorems. The main objects of chapter 2 are decompositions of rings. The text includes the structure theory of finitely generated modules over the ring of polynomials in one variable and its applications to Abelian groups and canonical forms of matrices. The theory of idempotents plays a more significant role in noncommutative ring theory than in commutative ring theory. Section 2.2 is devoted to the theory of idempotents and two-sided Peirce decomposition of rings. In section 2.3 the semisimple modules and semisimple rings are studied and the fundamental Wedderburn-Artin theorem is proved which gives a complete classification of such rings. Section 2.4 provides a brief introduction to lattices and Boolean algebras. Stone's theorem on representations of finite Boolean algebras is proved. Section 2.5 is devoted to a special class of rings, namely, finitely decomposable rings and finitely decomposable identity rings. For these rings theorems of decomposition are proved using the general theory of Boolean algebras and the theory of idempotents. Chapter 3 is devoted to the study of Noetherian and Artinian rings and modules. In particular, the famous Jordan-Hölder theorem and the famous Hilbert basis theorem are proved. The important role of this chapter is studying a central notion of ring theory -- the notion of the Jacobson radical and its properties. In particular, a criterion for rings to be Noetherian or Artinian is proved. This chapter contains a description of semiprimary rings and the famous Hopkins and Levitzki theorem is proved from which it follows, in particular, that any Artinian ring is also a Noetherian ring. Chapter 4 studies special classes of modules, such as free, projective and injective modules. Besides, this chapter considers hereditary rings. The text presents the famous examples of Herstein-Small rings which are right hereditary but not left hereditary. Chapter 5 focuses on different classes of commutative domains with unique factorization, such as Euclidean rings, principal ideal domains and Dedekind rings. It deals with their principal properties and structure of finitely generated modules over them. Chapter 6 is devoted to the study of important classes of rings, the local and semiperfect rings, which were first introduced in 1960 by H. Bass. These rings are generalizations of one-sided Artinian rings, more precisely, they are generalizations of the notion of semiprimary rings. Nakayama's famous lemma is proved which is a simple result with powerful applications. In this section the authors consider the basic properties of semiperfect rings using methods of the theory of idempotents and homological methods. In this chapter they also introduce the concept of category and functor, as well as the notion of equivalence of categories. They study these rings in terms of their module categories. The fundamental importance in this theory reflect the famous Morita theorems, one of their versions is proved for semiperfect rings in section 6.4. Chapters 7-9 focus on more recent results: the quivers of semiperfect rings, the structure theory of uniserial, hereditary and serial rings. Some of these results until now have been available only in journal articles. In Chapter 7 the authors introduce and study different types of quivers for semiperfect rings and arbitrary associative rings with some finiteness conditions. The notion of a quiver for finite dimensional algebras and their representations was introduced by P. Gabriel in connection with a description of finite dimensional algebras over algebraically closed fields with zero square radical. Chapter 8 presents basic results for a specific class of rings, namely, two-sided Noetherian serial rings. Serial rings provide the best illustration of the relationship between the structure of a ring and its categories of modules. They were introduced by T. Nakayama 60 years ago under the influence of works by K. Asano and G. Köthe. These rings were one of the earliest examples of rings of finite representation type; their introduction was fundamental to what has become to be known as the representation theory of Artinian rings and finite dimensional algebras. In particular, in section 8.2 the decomposition theorem is proved which describes the structure of semiperfect principal ideal rings and which can be considered as a generalization of the classical theorem about the structure of Artinian principal ideal rings. In section 8.3, using the technique of quivers the authors prove the decomposition theorem giving the structure of Noetherian serial rings and Michler's theorem about the structure of Noetherian hereditary semiperfect prime rings. Chapter 9 deals with the basic properties of right Noetherian serial rings and their structure. In particular, in section 9.3 using the technique of matrix problems the Drozd-Warfield theorem is proved which characterizes serial rings in terms of finitely presented modules. Besides, the text presents the implementation of the Ore condition for serial rings. Using the technique of quivers in section 9.5 the structure theorem for right Noetherian serial rings is proved. The chapter ends by presenting a proof of Michler's theorem, giving the structure of Noetherian hereditary semiperfect semiprime rings using the technique of quivers. Some results of this book until now have been available in journal articles only. Each chapter of the book contains very interesting historical notes and well chosen references for further reading. A large portion of the book is based on the standard university course in abstract and linear algebra and is fully accessible to students of the second and third year. This book can be useful as a graduate text for students and those readers who are interested in the modern structure theory of associative rings.