An entropic uncertainty principle for positive operator valued measures (Q454337)

A positive operator valued measure (POVM) is a countably additive map \(P\) from a \(\sigma\)-algebra on a space \(X\) into the positive operators on a Hilbert space \(H\) such that \(P(X)=1_{H}\). A positive operator \(\rho\) and a POVM \(P\) on \(H\) induce a probability measure \(\nu_P^{\rho}\) on \(X\) by \(\nu_P^{\rho}(\omega)=\tau(\rho P(\omega))\). Given two POVMs \(P\) on \(X\) and \(Q\) on \(Y\), consider a measure \(\mu_{PQ}\) on \(X\times Y\) defined by \(\mu_{PQ}(\Omega_1 \times \Omega_2)=\tau(P(\Omega_1)Q(\Omega_2))\). The main result of the paper is that, if \(\mu_{PQ} \leq \mu_P \otimes \mu_Q\) for some \(\sigma\)-finite product measure on \(X \times Y\), then \[ -\int_X \varrho_P\mathrm{ln}\varrho_P d_{\nu_P} -\int_Y \varrho_Q\mathrm{ln}\varrho_Q d_{\nu_Q} \geq -\tau(\rho\mathrm{ln}\rho), \] where \(\varrho_P=\frac{d \nu_P^{\rho}}{d\mu_P}\) and \(\varrho_Q=\frac{d \nu_Q^{\rho}}{d\mu_Q}\). It is noted that the right hand side is the intrinsic von Neumann entropy of the state, independent of any choice of POVM, while the integrals are minus relative entropy from \(\nu_P^{\rho}\) to \(\mu_P\) and \(\nu_Q^{\rho}\) to \(\mu_Q\). Hence the theorem shows an entropic uncertainty principle, stating that the \(P\)- and \(Q\)-measurements of \(\rho\) cannot be concentrated in small sets for \(\mu_P\) and \(\mu_Q\), under the assumption on \(\mu_{PQ}\) dealing with the independence of the two POVMs. This yields spatial-spectral uncertainty principles and log-Sobolev inequalities for invariant operators on homogeneous spaces.