Nanoclusters and microparticles in gases and vapors (Q455044)

Various nanoclusters and microparticles are considered in excited and ionized gases, as well as various processes with their participation. According to the author the concepts of these processes were developed 50--100 years ago mostly for dense media, and basing on these concepts. The author analyze these processes in gases in two opposite regimes, so that in the kinetic regime surrounding atoms of a buffer gas do not partake in processes involving small particles, and the diffusion regime corresponds to a dense gas where interaction of small particles with a buffer gas subjects to laws of hydrodynamics. Calculation or estimation of the rates of these processes are based on the liquid drop model for small particles which was introduced to physics by N. Bohr about 80 years ago for the analysis of properties of atomic nuclei including nuclear fusion and the hard sphere model which was used by J. C. Maxwell 150 years ago and helped to create the kinetic theory of gases. These models along with the analysis of their accuracy allow one to study various processes, such as transport processes in gases involving small particles; charging of small particles in gases; chemical processes; atom attachment and quenching of excited atomic particles on the surface of a small particle; nucleation processes for small particles including coagulation; coalescence and growth of fractal aggregates; chain aggregates; fractal fibres. Each analysis is done by using analytic formulas or a simple model which allows to calculate the rate of a certain real process with a known accuracy or to estimate it, and criteria of validity are given for the expression obtained. Examples of real objects and processes involving small particles are analyzed.