Applications of epi-retractable and co-epi-retractable modules. (Q459274)

If every submodule of a left \(R\)-module \(M\) is a homomorphic image of \(M\), then \(M\) is called epi-retractable and \(R\) is called a pli (resp. pri) ring if \(_RR\) (resp. \(R_R\)) is epi-retractable. On the other hand, if a module \(M\) contains a copy of each of its factor modules, then \(M\) is called co-epi-retractable and \(R\) is called a co-pli (resp. co-pri) ring if \(_RR\) (resp \(R_R\)) is co-epi-retractable. Let \(S\) denote \(\mathrm{End}_R(M)\). It is shown that if \(S\) is reversible and \(M\) is epi-retractable (resp. co-epi-retractable), then \(M\) is Hopfian (resp. co-Hopfian). Conditions are also found for an epi-retractable module \(M\) to be uniform. Co-epi-retractable modules, with extra conditions, are examined. For example: (1) If \(_RM\) is a self-injective co-epi-retractable module, then \(_RM\) is a Noetherian module if and only if \(S\) is a left perfect ring. (2) If \(R\) is a left perfect ring such that every projective \(R\)-module is co-epi-retractable, then \(R\) is a quasi-Frobenius ring. (3) A cogenerator ring \(R\) is a pli-ring if and only if it is a co-pri ring. (4) A nonsingular \(R\)-module \(M\) is semisimple if and only if \(M\) is co-epi-retractable. (5) A co-epi-retractable module \(M\) is simple if and only if \(S\) is a division ring. (6) A co-epi-retractable module \(M\) is semisimple if and only if \(S\) is a von Neumann regular ring.