Shapiro polynomials of the second kind (Q460581)

The Shapiro polynomials, introduced by H. S. Shapiro (Master's Thesis, Cambridge, Mass., 1951), are introduced through the recurrence relations \[ P_{m+1}(x)=P_m(x)+x^{2^m}Q_m(x),\;Q_{m+1}(x)=P_m(x)-x^{2^m}Q_m(x), m=0,1,2,\ldots,\eqno{(\ast)} \] and initial conditions \[ P_0(x)=1,\;Q_0(x)=1. \] The coefficients of the polynomials \(P_m\;\vec{a}=(a_0,a_1,\ldots,a_{2^m-1})\) and their complementary polynomials \(Q_m\;\vec{b}=(b_0,b_1,\ldots,b_{2^m-1})\) take values \(\pm 1\) and can be given explicitly with the aid of the binary expansion of their indices. \vskip0.3cm The Shapiro polynomials of the second kind \(\tilde{P}_m\) and \(\tilde{Q}_m\) are defined by the same recurrence relation \((\ast)\) and the initial conditions \[ \tilde{P}_0(x)=1,\;\tilde{Q}_0(x)=-1, \] the coefficients are given by the vectors \(\vec{c}=(c_0,c_1,\ldots,c_{2^m-1})\) resp. \(\vec{d}=(d_0,d_1,\ldots,d_{2^m-1})\). The main results are now: \textbf{Theorem 1.} Explicit formulae for the coefficients of \(\vec{c}\), implying explicit values for \(\vec{d}\): \(d_k=c_k\text{ for }0\leq k\leq 2^{m-1}-1\) and \(d_k=-c_k\text{ for }2^{m-1}\leq k\leq 2^m-1\). \textbf{Theorem 2.} The vectors \(\vec{a},\,\vec{b}\,\vec{c}\,\vec{d}\) are mutually orthogonal. \textbf{Theorem 3.} For \(x\) replaced by the complex variiable \(z,\;|z|=1\): \[ \tilde{P}_m(-z)=(-1)^{m+1}z^{2^m-1}\tilde{Q}_m\left({1\over z}\right),\;\tilde{Q}_m(-z)=(-1)^{m+1}z^{2^m-1}\tilde{P}_m\left({1\over z}\right) \] \textbf{Theorem 4.} The number of positive coefficients of the complementary polynomials \(Q_m\) and of the second type polynomials \(\tilde{P}_m,\,\tilde{Q}_m\) are given explicitly (that number was already known for \(\tilde{P}_m)\).