On the number of vertices with a given degree in a Galton-Watson tree (Q4676435)

Let \(Y_k(\omega)\), \(k= 0,1,2,\dots,\) denote the number of vertices of a Galton-Watson tree \(\omega\) that have \(k\) children, define \(Y^*_n\) as the sum of the \(Y_k\) taken from \(0\) to \(n\), and \(Z(\omega)\) as the total progeny of \(\omega\). For the offspring distribution \(p_k\), \(k= 0,1,2,\dots\), assume \(p_0> 0\), \(p_0+ p_1< 1\). Let \(f\) be the generating function of the offspring distribution, \(\rho\geq 1\) its radius of convergence, and \(G\) the generating function of the total progeny, \(\alpha\geq 1\) its radius of convergence. Set \(a:= G(\alpha-)\), and let \(d\) be the greatest common divisor of all \(k\) such that \(p_k> 0\). Assume that there exists a \(\zeta\), \(0<\zeta< \rho\), such that \(f'(\zeta)= f(\zeta)/\zeta\) (Assumption A). Then \[ {\mathbf P}(Z= n)\sim \sum_k c_k(f(a)/a)^k n^{-k-1/2},\;n\to \infty,\;n=1\pmod d. \] In particular, \(c_1= d (f(a)/2\pi f''(a))^{1/2}\). Partial results are given for the case that Assumption A is not satisfied. Furthermore, the joint distribution of \(Z\) and \(Y^*_k\) is discussed, including several examples with special offspring distributions, and -- again under Assumption A -- a conditional weak law of large numbers and a conditional central limit theorem are proved for \((Y_k\mid Z= k)\).