Convection with local thermal non-equilibrium and microfluidic effects (Q478809)

The study of flow and heat transfer through a porous medium finds extensive applications in many practical fields such as petroleum technology, agriculture engineering, drying processes, powder metallurgy, transpiration cooling, insulation of buildings and pipes, chemical catalytic reactors, geothermal energy, fiber and granular insulations, design of packed bed reactor, underground disposal of nuclear waste materials and many others. Recent applications also include bioengineering, bio-technology and nanofluids. The present book is devoted to an account of theories of thermal convection which involve local thermal non-equilibrium (LTNE) effects, or are particularly important in a microfluidic situation. The book presents a careful and detailed introduction to the modern methodology of heat and fluid flows in porous media. The term ``local thermal non-equilibrium'' refers to thermal convection in a fluid-saturated porous medium where the fluid temperature and the temperature of the solid skeleton can be different. Microfluidic refers to fluid dynamics on a small scale which may involve thermal convection in a clear fluid, or thermal convection in a fluid-saturated porous medium (from the author's preface). The book contains 15 chapters, a preface, contents, a bibliography and an index. The description of these 15 chapters is, in short, as follows: Chapter 1 ``Introduction'' discusses introductory concepts, microfluidics, local thermal non-equilibrium, the Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible fluid flow, the Darcy model, the anisotropic Darcy model, the Forchheimer model, the Brinkman model, the inertia coefficient, equations for other fields and boundary conditions. Chapter 2 ``Thermal convection with LTNE'' presents stability and symmetry, the Darcy theory, anisotropy, the Forchheimer theory and the Brinkman theory. The linear operator which arises in the LTNE equations often belongs to a special class of operators, known as symmetric operators, and this class of linear operators has special mathematical properties in the context of stability. Chapter 3 ``Rotating convection with LTNE'' contains rotating thermal convection, single temperature, rotation with Darcy theory, rotation with Vadasz-Darcy theory and rotation with Vadasz-Brinkman theory. These theories allow for the effect of fluid acceleration, or inertia. This is very important and does potentially change the nature of convection including the possibility of a complex growth rate, and hence oscillatory convection. Chapter 4 ``Double diffusive convection with LTNE'' presents the Darcy theory with inertia, the Brinkman theory with inertia, double diffusion with rotation and double diffusion with reactions. It is stated by the author that important applications of double diffusive or multi-component convection are models of geothermal reservoirs, oceans, the analysis of planetary cores, drainage in a mangrove system, solar ponds, etc. Chapter 5 ``Vertical porous convection with LTNE'' describes the thermal convection in a Darcy porous material in a vertical layer subject to different temperatures on the vertical walls. The interesting aspects of convection in a vertical porous slab or pipe involving effects like double diffusion and LTNE are also mentioned here. Chapter 6 ``Penetrative convection with LTNE'' puts in evidence some examples of penetrative convection, such as the Earth's atmosphere, ocean evaporation, etc. This chapter contains additionally the quadratic density model with internal heat sources. Chapter 7 ``LTNE and multi-layers'' considers, in short, the thermal convection under the condition that the porous layer is of local thermal non-equilibrium type. The author studies a horizontal layer contained between the planes and comprised of alternating layers of a rigid solid and a local thermal non-equilibrium fluid-saturated Darcy porous material. Chapter 8 ``Other convection and microfluidic scenarios'' gives a brief exposition of some recent works on microfluidic flows and/or LTNE flows in a variety of situations. It contains natural convection polymer chain reactions, heat flux boundary conditions, LTNE convection and horizontal flows, viscoelastic LTNE convection, model justification, LTNE thermovibrational convection and hot fluid injection. Chapter 9 ``Convection with slip boundary conditions'' points out that there is an increasing interest in micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) and in flows in microfluidic channels, due to their applications in the electronics and related industries. In particular, at nanoscales, the boundary conditions of slip type are needed rather than those of no-slip type. The chapter contains thermal convection, slip boundary conditions, Poiseuille flow, no-slip boundary conditions, Poiseuille flow in a porous medium, thermal slip and other slip problems. Chapter 10 ``Convection in a porous layer with solid partitions'' deals, in short, with multilayer convection, Darcy porous layers and Brinkman layers. The author points out that, although he treats only a two layer problem, the same results can be deduced for a combination of identical solid or identical Brinkman layers, and for porous and solid layers of different depths, provided that these layers are governed by the equations presented here. Chapter 11 ``Convection with protruding baffles'' pays particular attention to the effects which may arise or lower the critical Rayleigh number in a thermal convection problem, as opposed to the classical case of a clear fluid or a clear fluid-saturating a porous medium. The vertical partition and the horizontal partition are studied as well. Chapter 12 ``Anisotropic inertia effect'' considers the double diffusive convection in a layer of Darcy porous material with a single temperature, but the emphasis is on the effect of anisotropic inertia coefficient. The chapter contains an introduction to the problem and the thermosolutal convection heated and salted below. Chapter 13 ``Bidispersive porous media'' presents a theory for thermal convection in a dispersive porous material. The author believes that this topic describes a class of porous materials with many useful applications. The theory of bidispersive porous media considers a collection of small spherical porous beads which are constructed into a larger ``raspberry-like'' spherical body. The chapter contains double porosity, thermal convection in bidispersive porous media, Darcy bidispersive porous media and tridispersive media. Chapter 14 ``Resonance in thermal convection'' has many applications since the interaction between fluid layers can greatly increase the critical Rayleigh number for the onset of convection, which in turn is of interest to the energy industry. In particular, due to modern heat transfer microscale devices, there is a need to understand the penetrative and resonant convection on the nanoscale. The chapter describes resonant penetrative convection in a fluid, resonant penetrative convection in a porous medium, resonance linear heat source, triple resonance and resonance with variable gravity. Chapter 15 ``Thermal convection in nanofluids'' presents the recent research on nanofluids and their use in heat transfer devices. The capter describes the heat transfer enhancement in nanofluids, the Tzou nanofluid model, convection with heat wave theories, LTNE Cattaneo solid, Fourier fluid, Cattaneo double diffusion, Green-Naghdi nanofluid model, Nield-Kuznetsov nanofluid model and generalizations. The book ends with a large list of 501 papers and books, and with an index. Altogether, this book provides a comprehensive presentation of mathematical and physical theories of classical and modern areas of heat and fluid flow in porous media. The book is excellently written and readable. Results of numerical solutions are given graphically and in tabular form. The book will be of great interest to a wide range of specialists working in the area of flows in porous media, such as graduate MSC and PhD students, design engineers, physicists, chemical engineers, and also to researchers interested in the mathematical theory of flows in porous media and connected topics. It can be also recommended as a text for seminars and courses, as well as for independent study. However, the following basic books on fluid mechanics in porous media are not quoted in the present work: 1. [\textit{A. Nakayama}, PC-Aided Numerical Heat Transfer and Convective Flows, CRC Press, Tokyo (1995)]. 2. [\textit{I. Pop} and \textit{D. B. Ingham}, Convective Heat Transfer: Mathematical and Computational Modelling of Viscous Fluids and Porous Media. Pergamon, Oxford (2001)]. 3. [\textit{K. Vafai} (ed.), Handbook of Porous Media (2nd ed.). Taylor \& Francis, New York (2005)].