Generalized monotone iterative method for nonlinear boundary value problems with causal operators (Q481496)

The authors prove the validity of the monotone iterative technique for the following first order causal differential equation with nonlinear boundary value conditions \[ u'(t)=(Q u)(t)+(S u)(t), \; t \in I= [0,T], \quad g(u(0),u(T))=0. \] Here, \(Q, S :C(I, \mathbb{R}) \to C(I, \mathbb{R})\) are causal operators, \(Q\) is non-decreasing and \(S\) is non-increasing, the function \(g\) is non-increasing in the second variable and satisfies a one-sided Lipschitz condition in the first one. Under the assumption of a pair of coupled lower and upper solutions, the authors prove the existence of two monotone sequences that start at both functions and converge to the extremal solutions of the considered problem lying between them. Moreover, some other results have been obtained under suitable modifications on the assumptions assumed on the data. Some examples are presented at the end of the paper.