The \(\mathbb{Q}\)-rational cuspidal group of \(J_{1}(2p)\) (Q482864)

Let \(X\) be a modular curve defined over \(\mathbb{Q}\) of genus greater than \(0\), and let \(J_X\) be its Jacobian variety defined over \(\mathbb{Q}\) with an embedding of \(X\) into \(J_X\) sending the cusp at infinity to the distinguished rational point \(O\). The cuspidal group of \(J_X\), denoted by \(C(J_X)\), is the subgroup of \(J_X\) generated by all cusps of \(X\), and the \(\mathbb{Q}\)-rational cuspidal group of \(J_X\), denoted by \(C(J_X)_\mathbb{Q}\), is the subgroup of \(J_X\) consisting of \(\mathbb{Q}\)-rational points generated by cusps of \(X\). It is a classical result that \(C(J_X)\) is a subgroup of the torsion subgroup of \(J_X\), denoted by \(T(J_X)\), and this relation holds for the \(\mathbb{Q}\)-rational subgroups, i.e., \(C(J_X)_\mathbb{Q}\) is a subgroup of \(T(J_X)_\mathbb{Q}\). The author proves that if \(X=X_1(2p)\) and it has genus \(\geq 1\), then the order of \(C(J_X)_\mathbb{Q}\) is equal to \[ \frac{p^2-1}{24}\;\cdot\;p\,\prod_{\psi} \frac{B_{2,\psi}^2}{16}(4-\psi(2)), \] where \(\psi\) runs over all even, primitive Dirichlet characters modulo \(p\), and \(B_{2,\psi}\) denotes the generalized Bernoulli number defined by \[ B_{2,\psi}=p\sum_{a=1}^{p-1} \psi(a)\left\{ \left(\frac ap\right)^2 -\frac ap + \frac16\right\}. \] The author also proves a general result about explicit structures of \(C(J_X)_\mathbb{Q}\), and uses it to compute explicit structures for the primes \(7\leq p \leq 127\), and for primes \(\leq 4001\); more precisely, he determines the structures of the Sylow \(p\)-subgroups of \(C(J_X)_\mathbb{Q}\). For general modular curves, it is believed that \(C(J_X)_\mathbb{Q}\) is in fact equal to \(T(J_X)_\mathbb{Q}\), and the author introduces a nice survey of results related to this conjecture.