Bifurcation structure of steady-states for bistable equations with nonlocal constraint (Q489857)

The paper studies the Neumann problem \[ -du''(x)=f(u(x),\lambda), \quad x\in (0,1), \quad u'(0)=u'(1)=0, \eqno(1) \] subject to the constraint \[ \int_0^1 g(u(x),\lambda)dx=\mu, \eqno (2) \] where \(d\) is a positive parameter, \(\mu\) is a real parameter and \(\lambda\) is a parameter from an interval \(\Lambda:=(a,c)\), \( -\infty\leq a<c\leq \infty\). Here, \(f\in C^1(\mathbb R\times \bar\Lambda)\) belongs to a class of bistable terms, \(g\in C^1(\mathbb R\times \bar\Lambda)\). The purpose of the paper is to derive the bifurcation structure of solutions of problem (1), (2) under some additional assumptions on \(f\) and \(g\). The authors obtain three kinds of bifurcation curves. By a choice of \(g\) and \(\mu\) they get a simple curve \(\{(u(\cdot;s),d(s),\lambda(s): s\in (0,1)\}\) which connects two states of the following three states: -- the singular limit state (as \(d\to 0\)) with an internal jump; -- the singular limit state (as \(d\to 0\)) with a boundary jump; -- the middle constant state at \(d=d^*(\lambda)\) with some \(\lambda\in \Lambda\). They apply the results to two shadow systems of the reaction-diffusion models in surface chemistry and physiology.