No label defined (Q4949138)

The authors start with the classical Dini theorem for (pointwise) monotone sequences of continuous real valued functions; if such a sequence is converging pointwise to a continuous function on a compact interval of \(\mathbb R\) then the sequence converges uniformly; and with the following theorem of Osgood: Let \(X\) be a topological space and let \((Y,\rho)\) be a metric space, let \((f_n)\) be a sequence of continuous functions from \(X\) to \(Y\), converging pointwise to a function \(f:X\to Y\). Then (1) there exists \(E\subseteq X\) that is of first category in \(X\) such that \(f\) is continuous at each point of \(X\smallsetminus E\), (2) for each open \(O\) in \(Y\), \(f^{-1}(O)\) is an \(F_{\sigma}\) subset of \(X\), (3) if \(X\) is a complete metric space, then \(f\) is continuous on a dense subset of \(X\) [\textit{K. R. Stromberg}, An introduction to classical real analysis (1981; Zbl 0454.26001)]. In order to generalize these theorems (or parts of them) to the set-valued case, the authors have to replace continuous single-valued functions by semi-continuous (mostly u.s.c.) set-valued ones, and they use the (upper) Hausdorff convergence for sequences and nets of suitable subsets. The main assumption is that the considered set-valued functions are point-compact, where for topological spaces \(X,Y\) a set-valued function \(F:X\to Y\) is said to be point-compact, iff \(\forall x\in X: F(x)\) is a compact subset of \(Y\). The authors also use a uniformity on the set of all set-valued functions from \(X\) to \(Y\) which \textit{R. E. Smithson} has introduced and studied [Pac. J. Math. 39, 253-259 (1971; Zbl 0226.54013)]. Concerning the Dini theorem, the difficulty arises how to generalize the notion of monotony which for a real-valued function is defined by the natural order of \(\mathbb R\). The authors overcome this difficulty by defining the notion that a net \((F_i)_{i\in I}\) of set-valued functions is pointwise monotonically convergent (to some \(F:X\to Y\)): If \((X,\mathfrak{U})\) is a quasi-uniform space, they say that a net \((x_i)_{i\in I}\) in \(X\) converges in a monotone fashion with respect to \(\mathfrak{U}\) iff \(\forall U\in \mathfrak{U}, \emptyset\neq\{i\in I\mid (x_i,x)\in U\}\subseteq \{i\in I\mid \forall k\geq i:(x_k,x)\in U\}\). Further, a net \((x_i)_{i\in I}\) in a topological space \(X\) is said to converge monotonically to \(x\in X\) iff there exists a quasi-uniformity \(\mathfrak{U}\) on \(X\) compatible with the topology on \(X\) such that \((x_i)_{i\in I}\) converges in a monotone fashion with respect to \(\mathfrak{U}\). Finally, let \(X\) be a nonempty set, let \(Y\) be a topological space, let \((f_i)_{i\in I}\) be a net of single-valued functions from \(X\) to \(Y\) and let \(f:X\to Y\). They say that \((f_i)_{i\in I}\) is pointwise monotonically convergent to \(f\) on \(A\subseteq X\) iff \(\forall x\in A: (f_i(x))\) converges monotonically to \(f(x)\). Characterizing the last notion using directly the entourages of a compatible quasi-uniformity on \(Y\) the authors are able to transfer this notion to set-valued functions. On the basis of the facts mentioned above the authors prove several versions of generalizations of the Dini and the Osgood theorem, respectively. In conclusion, we mention as a sample one of the main Dini theorems, the formulations of generalizations of the Osgood theorem are more complicated: Let \(X\) be a topological space, let \((Y,\mathfrak{U})\) be an uniform space, let \(I\) be a directed set, and let \(\{F_i\mid i\in I\}\cup \{F\}\) be a collection of continuous set-valued point-compact functions from \(X\) to \(Y\) for which the net \((F_i)_{i\in I}\) is pointwise monotonically convergent to \(F\). Then \((F_i)_{i\in I}\) converges to \(F\) in the compact-open topology (uniformity of uniform convergence) of Smithson.