Généralisation d'un théorème de Beurling et application à la théorie du contrôle (Q4949561)

The authors generalize the notion of exponential Riesz basis to the case of weighted \(L^2\)-spaces, to the case of divided differences of exponential sums and to certain vector-valued functions. An application to simultaneous observability of waves is considered. One begins with an increasing sequence \(\{\lambda_n\}\) of reals such that there exist \(M\geq 1\) and \(\gamma >0\) such that \(\lambda _{n+M}-\lambda _n\geq M\gamma \) for all \(n\). Then for suitable indices depending on separation conditions of the \(\lambda_i\) one lets \(e_n(t)\) denote the divided differences \(e_n(t)=(it)^{n-m} \int_{0}^{1}\int_{0}^{s_1}\cdots \int_{0}^{s_{n-m-1}}\exp (i(s_{n-m}[\lambda_n-\lambda_{n-1}]+ \cdots+s_1[\lambda_{m+1}-\lambda_m]+\lambda_{m})t)\,ds_{n-m}\cdots \,ds_1\). Then for the function \(f(t)=\sum_{-\infty }^{\infty }a_{n}e_n(t)\) one has the following theorem: If \(|I|>2\pi /\gamma \) then for each \(\sigma >M-\frac{1}{2}\) there are constants \(c_1\) and \(c_2\) such that \[ c_1\sum_{-\infty }^{\infty }|a_n|^2\leq \int_{-\infty }^{\infty }(1+t^2)^{-\sigma }|f(t)|^2\, dt\leq c_2\sum_{-\infty }^{\infty }a_ne_n(t). \] As a second application of similar ideas the authors consider functions of the form \(f(t)=\sum_{n=-\infty }^{\infty }\sum_{k=0}^{N-1}t^{k}e^{i\lambda_{n}t}u_{kn}\) in which \(u_{kn}\) belong to a Hilbert space \(H\). In this case one shows that if \(|I|>2\pi /(M\gamma)\) and the \(u_{nk}\) are quasiorthogonal in the sense that \(|(u_{jm},u_{kn})_{H}|\leq \eta \|u_{jm}\|_{H}\|u_{kn}\|_{H}\) for some \(\eta <1\) whenever \(|\lambda _{n}-\lambda _{m}|<M\gamma \) \((m\neq n)\) then \[ \sum_{n=-\infty }^{\infty }\sum_{k=0}^{N-1}\|u_{kn}\|\leq C\int_{I}\|f(t)\|^{2}\,dt. \] When \(H=\mathbb C\) this reduces to a classical theorem of Ingham when \(N=1\). As an application of these ideas the authors prove coercivity conditions for certain simultaneous systems of vibrating strings that are tied at both ends and share a common end -- as is the case typically with a stringed instrument. The coercivity condition is interpreted as: if one knows the displacements of all the strings over a sufficiently long time interval, at a single point, then one can determine what were the initial displacements of all the strings at all points.