Quantum quadratic operators and processes (Q495645)

The book consists of eight chapters; at the end of each chapter, the authors present some comments and references related to the chapter. In the first chapter, the authors introduce some models which can be described by quadratic stochastic operators. Chapter 2 studies rigorously quadratic stochastic operators (q.s.o.s) defined on a finite-dimensional simplex. In this chapter, the authors investigate asymptotical stability (or regularity) conditions for such operators. After that, the authors show how the dynamics of q.s.o.s are related to some Markov processes. They investigate some relations between the regularity of a q.s.o. and the corresponding Markov process. Some generalizations of the results given in this chapter are based on the proofs in [\textit{K. Bartoszek} and \textit{M. Pułka}, Nonlinear Anal., Theory Methods Appl., Ser. A, Theory Methods 114, 26--39 (2015; Zbl 1334.47015)]. It is well known that a Markov chain is defined by its one-step transition probability matrix \((P_{ij})\) and the specification of a probability distribution on the state of the process at time 0. In Chapter 3, the authors consider the \(n\)-step transition probabilities of a homogeneous Markov chain satisfying \(P_{ij}^{(n)}=\sum_{k=1}^{m}P_{ik}^{(n)}P_{kj}^{(n-1)}\), where \[ P_{ij}^{(0)}=\begin{cases} 1 & \text{if }i=j, \\ 0 & \text{otherwise}. \end{cases} \] Quadratic processes arise in the study of certain models with interactions described by quadratic stochastic operators. In Chapter 3, the authors introduce quadratic stochastic processes (q.s.p.s) and give examples of such processes. They produce formulas for computing the \(n\)-step transition functions of a quadratic stochastic process for a finite set and discrete time. Also, the authors give a construction of nontrivial examples of q.s.p.s. They also define quadratic stochastic processes in a general setting. They investigate marginal Markov quadratic stochastic processes related to q.s.p.s. and they study the weak ergodicity of q.s.p.s by means of the marginal processes. Chapter 4 consists of four sections. Section 4.1 deals with quadratic processes with a finite set of states. The authors investigate two cases with respect to type (A) and type (B) of quadratic stochastic processes. If functions \(P^{[s,t]}_{ij,k}\) are continuous with respect to the variables \(s\) and \(t\)., then \((E,P^{[s,t]}_{ij,k}, \mathbf{x}^{(0)})\) is called a q.s.p. of type (A). Section 4.2 studies quadratic processes with a continuous set of states. The authors develop analytical methods for q.s.p.s. Also, they derive partial differential equations with delaying argument for quadratic processes of types (A) and (B), respectively. In Section 4.3, the authors discuss relations between quadratic and Markov processes for two cases with respect to a finite set and a continuum set. After that, the authors prove that the quadratic stochastic process generated by determined conditions is a diffusion process. The results in this chapter are based on the reference [\textit{N. N. Ganikhodzhaev} and \textit{S. R. Azizova}, Dokl. Akad. Nauk UzSSR 1990, No. 4, 3--5 (1990; Zbl 0713.60092)]. Chapter 5 presents a noncommutative analogue of a q.s.o., which is called a quantum quadratic stochastic operator (q.q.s.o.). The authors show that the set of q.q.s.o.s is weakly compact. By means of q.q.s.o.s, one can define a nonlinear operator, which is called a quadratic operator. They also study the asymptotical stability of the dynamics of quadratic operators. Using a given q.q.s.o., the authors construct a quantum Markov chain. Lastly, they present concluding remarks and discuss the consequences of the results. In Chapter 6, the authors deal with quantum quadratic stochastic operators (q.q.s.o.s) acting on the algebra of \(2 \times 2\) matrices \(\mathbb{M}_2(\mathbb{C})\). They describe q.q.s.o.s on \(\mathbb{M}_2(\mathbb{C})\). Necessary conditions for such operators which satisfy the Kadison-Schwarz property are obtained. Then, the authors study simple q.q.s.o.s satisfying the Kadison-Schwarz condition and complete positivity. The authors obtain some conditions for non-simple q.q.s.o.s satisfying the Kadison-Schwarz operators. They give an example of a positive q.q.s.o. which is not a Kadison-Schwarz operator. The stability of the dynamics of quadratic operators associated with q.q.s.o.s given on \(\mathbb{M}_2(\mathbb{C})\) is examined. The authors study the dynamics of the quadratic operator associated with the operator \(\Delta_{\varepsilon}:\mathbb{M}_2(\mathbb{C})\rightarrow \mathbb{M}_2(\mathbb{C})\otimes \mathbb{M}_2(\mathbb{C})\). In Chapter 7, the authors study a class of q.q.s.o.s defined on the commutative algebra \(\ell^{\infty}\), where \(\ell^{\infty}=M=\{\mathbf{x}=(x_n):x_n\in \mathbb{R},\;\|\mathbf{x}\|_{\infty} =\sup_{n\in \mathbb{N}}\,|x_n|\}\). The notion of a Volterra quadratic operator is defined. Then, the authors study properties of Volterra quadratic operators. The authors prove that such operators have infinitely many fixed points and the set of Volterra operators forms a convex compact set. In addition, they describe its extreme points. Furthermore, certain limit behaviors of such operators are studied. Also, the authors present some more examples of Volterra operators whose trajectories do not converge. A compatible sequence of finite-dimensional Volterra operators is defined. The authors prove that any power of this sequence converges in the weak topology. Chapter 8 deals with a quantum (noncommutative) analogue of quadratic stochastic processes and their ergodic properties. The authors define such a process on a von Neumann algebra. Also, they study the ergodic principle for these processes. Partial differential equations for q.q.s.o.s are derived. Also, the regularity of q.q.s.o.s is studied. An expansion of q.q.s.o.s into fibrewise Markov processes is given. The authors study the connection between fibrewise Markov processes and the ergodic principle. Similarly, the authors present the relation between q.q.s.o.s and Markov processes. Lastly, the authors obtain some results about tensor products of q.s.p.s and q.q.s.p.s. Researchers can use this excellent book as a textbook for an advanced undergraduate/graduate level course or a summer school in quantum dynamical systems. This book presents the latest developments in the fields of quadratic dynamical systems, Markov processes, and quantum stochastic processes. At the end of each chapter, the authors present some open problems.