Oriented Hopf algebras and their actions. (Q495868)

Let \(H\) be a finite-dimensional Hopf algebra and \(A\) a nonassociative algebra over a field \(\mathbb F\); \(A\) is said to be an \(H\)-algebra if \(A\) is a left \(H\)-module with \(h.(ab)=m\circ\Delta(h)(a\otimes b)\) for any \(a,b\in A\), where \(m\) denotes the multiplication \(A\otimes A\to A\). For example, if \(H=\mathbb FG\) is the group algebra of a finite group \(G\), the \(H\)-algebras are the algebras on which \(G\) acts by automorphisms. In order to extend this to the situation where \(G\) acts by both automorphisms and antiautomorphisms, the authors consider the case in which \(H\) is graded by \(\mathbb Z_2\) as an algebra: \(H=H_0\oplus H_1\), and \(h.(ab)=m\circ\tau^{p(h)}\circ\Delta(h)(a\otimes b)\), where \(a,b\in A\), \(h\in H\) is homogeneous, \(p(h)\) denotes its parity, and \(\tau\) is the switch \(a\otimes b\mapsto b\otimes a\). Then \(H\) is referred to as an oriented Hopf algebra and \(A\) as an oriented \(H\)-algebra. This provides a not necessarily associative new convolution on the dual \(H^*\) defined by \((\alpha\star\beta)(h)=(\alpha\otimes\beta)\circ\Delta(\bar h)\), where \(\bar h=(-1)^{p(h)}h\). It turns out that the group \(G(H^*)\) of group-like elements in \(H^*\) is closed under \(\star\), but \((G(H^*),\star)\) is not necessarily a group, but just a quasigroup. When \(H\) is the dual of the group algebra of a finite abelian group, certain duality results between oriented \(H\)-algebra actions on an algebra \(A\) and properties of the attached gradings of \(A\) (as a vector space) are given. These provide examples of gradings by quasigroups on Lie algebras. In particular, a specific grading by a quasigroup on a four-dimensional Lie algebra that cannot be realized as a grading by a semigroup, first obtained by the reviewer [Linear Algebra Appl. 431, No. 9, 1603-1606 (2009; Zbl 1232.17039)], appears here in a broader context.