Upper and lower densities have the strong Darboux property (Q503735)

In the paper under review, \(\mathbb H\) denotes the set \(\mathbb Z\) of integers, the set \(\mathbb N\) of nonnegative integers or the set \(\mathbb N^+\) of positive integers; and \(\mathcal P(\mathbb H)\) denotes the power set of \(\mathbb H\). The authors define the ``upper quasi-density'' as being a function \(\mu^*:\mathcal P(\mathbb H)\mapsto\) \(]-\infty, +1]\) satisfying the rules: (R1) \(\mu^*(\mathbb H)=1;\) (R2) \(\mu^*(X\cup Y)\leq\mu^*(X)+ \mu^*(Y)\) for all \(X,Y\subseteq\mathbb H;\) (R3) \(\mu^*(k\cdot X+h)={1\over k}\mu^*(X)\) for all \(X\subseteq\mathbb H\), \(k\in\mathbb N^+\) and \(h\in\mathbb N\). The notion of ``upper density'' mentioned in the title is an upper quasi-density which verifies the supplementary rule of monotonicity: (R4) \(\mu^*(X)\leq\mu^*(Y)\) for \(X\subseteq Y\subseteq\mathbb H\). The authors prove that every upper quasi-density verifies the ``strong Darboux property'' formulated as follows: `For all \(X\subseteq Y\subseteq\mathbb H\) such that \(\mu^*(X)\leq\mu^*(Y)\) and any \(a\in[\mu^*(X),\mu^*(Y)],\) there is a set \(Z\) such that \(X\subseteq Z\subseteq Y\) and \(\mu^*(Z)=a.\)' NB: 1) The ``weak'' Darboux property is the above formulated property with the restriction that \(X=\emptyset\). 2) The strong Darboux property is also valid for the ``lower quasi density'' defined by \(\mu_*(X):=1-\mu^*(X^c)\) where \(X^c:=\mathbb H\setminus X.\) The proofs are self-contained. The authors need some lemmas from their extended study [``On the notions of upper and lower density'', Preprint, \url{arXiv:1506.04664}]. The lemmas needed are formulated and re-proved in the present paper.