Rational torsion on the generalized Jacobian of a modular curve with cuspidal modulus (Q504308)

Let \(N\) be a natural number and let \(X_0(N)\) be the modular curve with respect to \(\Gamma_0(N)\). Let \(J_0(N)\) be the Jacobian variety of \(X_0(N)\) and let \(\mathcal{C}(N)\) be the \(\mathbb{Q}\)-rational cuspidal divisor class group. When \(N\) is a prime, \textit{B. Mazur} [Publ. Math., Inst. Hautes Étud. Sci. 47, 33--186 (1977; Zbl 0394.14008)] proved that the two groups \(\mathcal{C}(N)\) and \(J_0(N)(\mathbb{Q})_{\mathrm{tor}} \) coincide. For general cases, however, it is still an open problem whether the two groups are equal. Let \(C_0(N)\) be the closed subset of \(X_0(N)\) consisting of all cusps and let \(\bar{J}_0(N)\) denote the generalized Jacobian of \(X_0(N)\) with modulus \(C_0(N)\) in the sense of \textit{J.-P. Serre} [Algebraic groups and class fields. Transl. of the French edition. New York etc.: Springer-Verlag (1988; Zbl 0703.14001)]. In this paper the authors investigate the structure of its torsion subgroup \(\bar{J}_0(N)(\mathbb{Q})_{\mathrm{tor}}\), and observe that \(\bar{J}_0(N)(\mathbb{Q})_{\mathrm{tor}}\) is unexpectedly smaller than \(J_0(N)(\mathbb{Q})_{\mathrm{tor}} \) by proving the following result. Let \(p\) be a prime number and \(n\) be a positive integer. Then (1) \(\bar{J}_0(p)(\mathbb{Q})_{\mathrm{tor}}\) is a cyclic group of order 2. (2) If \(p\not\equiv 11\pmod {12}\) and \(p>5\), then \(\bar{J}_0(p^n)(\mathbb{Q})_{\mathrm{tor}}\) is isomorphic to the trivial group up to \(2p\)-torsion. (3) The statement (2) holds without the assumption \(p\not\equiv 11\pmod {12}\) but up to \(6p\)-torsion. Furthermore they determine the structure of \(\bar{J}_0(p^n)(\mathbb{Q})_{\mathrm{tor}}\) more precisely under the hypothesis that \(J_0(p^n)(\mathbb{Q})_{\mathrm{tor}}=\mathcal{C}(p^n)\).