Sobolev-Lorentz spaces in the Euclidean setting and counterexamples (Q511417)

The author continues his studies on Sobolev-Lorentz spaces [Strong \(A_{\infty}\)-weights and scale invariant Besov and Sobolev-Lorentz capacities. University of Michigan (Ph.D Thesis) (2006); Scaling Besov and Sobolev-Lorentz capacities in the Euclidean Setting. Bucharest: Publishing House of the Romanian Academy (2012)]. For \(1 < p < \infty\) and \(1 \leq q \leq \infty\) the Sobolev-Lorentz space \(H^{1,(p,q)}(\Omega)\) for an open set \(\Omega \subset \mathbb{R}^n\), \(n \geq 1\), is defined as the completion of \(\big\{ \varphi \in C^{\infty}(\Omega)\; :\; \| \varphi \|_{1,p,q,\Omega} < \infty \big\}\) with respect to the norm \( \|\varphi \|_{1,p,q,\Omega} = (\|\varphi \|^r_{L^{p,q}(\Omega)} + \|\nabla \varphi \|^r_{L^{p,q}(\Omega)})^{1/r}\) where \( r = \min(p,q)\) and \(L^{p,q}(\Omega)\) refers to the usual Lorentz norm. The space \(W^{1,(p,q)}(\Omega)\) is defined as \(L^{p,q}(\Omega) \cap \big\{u : \partial_i u \in L^{p,q}(\Omega), i= 1, ...,n\big\}\) with the corresponding norm. The paper is mainly devoted to various inclusion results. For example it is shown that \(W^{1,(p,q)}(\Omega)\) is strictly included in \(W^{1,(p,r)}(\Omega)\) whenever \(1 \leq q < r \leq \infty\) and although the inclusion \(H^{1,(p,\infty)}(\Omega)\subset W^{1,(p,\infty)}(\Omega)\) is strict, a function \(u \in W^{1,(p,\infty)}(\Omega)\) such that \(u\) and its distributional gradient \(\nabla u\) have absolutely continuous \((p, \infty)\)-norm belongs to \(H^{1,(p,\infty)}(\Omega)\). The paper also includes the Gagliardo-Nirenberg-Sobolev inequalities and Morrey embedding theorems for the Sobolev-Lorentz spaces \(H^{1,(p,q)}_0(\Omega)\), and studies of the lattice properties and Hölder continuity properties of functions in these spaces. Special attention is given to the one-dimensional case. The necessary machinery in the Sobolev-Lorentz spaces is carefully developed.