An introduction to integrable techniques for one-dimensional quantum systems (Q511425)

This lecture note is a good source to learn basic notions and techniques of one-dimensional integrable quantum systems. The author uses a coordinate Bethe ansatz or/and an algebraic Bethe ansatz approach to solve several exactly solvable physical models of zero or/and finite temperature thermodynamics. In Chapter 1, the author introduces the XY chain, which is a generalization of the 1D Ising model. The Hamiltonian of the XY model can be written as \[ H=\frac{J}{2}\sum_{j=1}^N\left[(\frac{1+\gamma}{2})\sigma_j^x\sigma_{j+1}^x+(\frac{1-\gamma}{2})\sigma^y_j\sigma^y_{j+1}+h\sigma_j^z\right], \] where \(\sigma_j^x,\sigma_j^y, \sigma_j^z\) are the Pauli matrices which describe spin-\(\frac{1}{2}\) operators on the \(j\)-th lattice site of a chain with \(N \) sites. Several topics, for example diagonalization, phase diagram and correlation functions at zero temperature are addressed. In Chapter 2, the author introduces the coordinate Bethe ansatz approach to work out the solutions of the Lieb-Liniger model in both zero and finite temperature thermodynamics, \[ H=-\sum_{j=1}^N \frac{\partial}{\partial x_j^2}+2c\sum_{j<l}\delta(x_j-x_l). \] The universal sketch of the coordinate Bethe ansatz approach is also given in this chapter. In Chapter 3, the author investigates the Heisenberg spin-\(1/2\) chain with periodic boundary conditions, \[ H=-J\sum_{j=1}^N \left[\frac{1}{2}(S_j^+S_{j+1}^-+S_j^-S_{j+1}^+)+S^z_jS^z_{j+1}\right], \] where \(S_j^{\pm}=S_j^x\pm iS_j^y\) are spin flip operators. This model is solved by a similar coordinate Bethe ansatz approach. The author also discusses the ground state and the low-energy excitations for the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic cases, and the Heisenberg chain with external magnetic field. In Chapter 4, the author studies the XXZ chain. The XXZ chain is an integrable generalization of the Heisenberg chain with a uniaxial anisotropy in the spin interaction. Its Hamiltonian is given by \[ H=-J\sum_{j=1}^N\left[S_j^xS^x_{j+1}+S_j^yS^y_{j+1}+\Delta S_j^zS^z_{j+1}\right] -2h \sum_{j=1}^N S_j^x. \] The author first carries out the Bethe ansatz solution and then analyzes the model in various paramagnetic regimes and paramagnetic phases. In Chapter 5, the author introduces the algebraic Bethe ansatz approach and applies it to different situations, including the construction of the transfer matrix of the XXZ chain, the construction of eigenstates and fundamental operators, the Lax formalism to describe the Lieb-Liniger model and its relation to quantum groups. In the appendices, the author addresses the Toeplitz determinants, the solution of the two-dimensional classical 6-vertex model, and the relation between Bethe ansatz solutions and field theories.