Infinitely many periodic orbits of exact magnetic flows on surfaces for almost every subcritical energy level (Q515335)

The main result of the paper is the following: Theorem: Let \((M,g)\) be a closed Riemannian surface and let \(\theta\) be a smooth 1-form. For almost every \(\kappa\) in \((0,c_u)\), the exact magnetic flow induced by \(g\) and \(\theta\) has infinitely many periodic orbits on the energy hypersurface \(E^{-1}(\kappa)\). Here \(c_u\) denotes the Mañé critical value of the universal cover. The result is an improvement of a result of the first author et al. [Comment. Math. Helv. 90, No. 1, 155--193 (2015; Zbl 1316.53042)], as the assumption of non-degeneracy is dropped out. Part of arguments are proved in greater generality, especially in Section 2, where manifolds are of arbitrary dimension and general Lagrangian is considered. In particular, Theorem 2.6 says roughly that high iterates of periodic orbits cannot be mountain passes. The lack of the Palais-Smale condition is another technical problem, which is responsible for ``almost all'' energy levels in the theorem. A discussion of the parallel with the results on closed geodesics of \textit{V. Bangert} [Math. Ann. 251, 83--96 (1980; Zbl 0422.53024)] is included.