On the cohomology and their torsion of real toric objects (Q524698)

A real toric manifold or a small cover is the real counterpart of a toric or quasitoric manifold. They are generalized as real topological toric manifolds which are the real analogue of a topological toric manifold defined by \textit{H. Ishida},, \textit{Y. Fukukawa} and \textit{M. Masuda} [Mosc. Math. J. 13, No. 1, 57--98 (2013; Zbl 1302.53091)]. As it is well-known, the cohomology of topological toric manifolds does not have torsion and their cohomology ring can be described by using the Stanley-Reisner ring of the underlying simplicial complex. A similar result also holds for the cohomology with \(\mathbb{Z}_{2}\)-coefficients of a real topological toric manifold; however, for general coefficients, the situation is totally different. For example, there is torsion in the cohomology with \(\mathbb{Z}\)-coefficients in the case of real topological toric manifolds. So to study the cohomology with arbitrary coefficients is one of the important topological problems of real toric objects which do not occur in the case of the usual toric objects. In the paper under review, the authors show a cohomology ring formula over \(G\)-coefficients for real topological toric manifolds, where \(G\) is a commutative ring in which \(2\) is a unit (e.g. \(\mathbb{Q}\) or \(\mathbb{Z}_{q}\) for an odd integer \(q\)), and in particular they obtain a combinatorial description for each degree of the cohomology. As an application of this result, they prove that for a given odd number \(q\), there is a real topological toric manifold \(M\) whose cohomology has \(q\)-torsion; moreover, \(M\) can be realized as the real points of a projective toric manifold. Note that the \(2\)-torsion can be realized as the torsion of the cohomology of real projective spaces. To construct such examples, the authors also use the simplicial wedge operation of simplicial complexes which was introduced by \textit{A. Bahri} et al. [Homology Homotopy Appl. 17, No. 2, 137--160 (2015; Zbl 1342.13029)].