Relative equilibria with holes for the surface quasi-geostrophic equations (Q525983)

In this paper, the author gives the existence of doubly connected rotating patches for the inviscid surface quasi-geostrophic equation left open by \textit{F. de la Hoz} et al. [Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal. 220, No. 3, 1209--1281 (2016; Zbl 1334.35263)]. The author also proves that close to the annulus the boundaries are actually analytic curves by using the approach proposed in [\textit{A. Castro}, \textit{D. Córdoba} and \textit{J. Gómez-Serrano}, ``Uniformly rotating analytic global patch solutions for active scalars'', Annals PDE 2, No. 1, Paper No. 1, 34 p. (2016; \url{doi:10.1007/s40818-016-0007-3})]. The author considers the following equation \[ \begin{cases} \partial_t\theta+u\cdot\bigtriangledown\theta=0,\quad (t,x)\in\mathbb{R}_+\times \mathbb{R}^2,\\ u=-\bigtriangledown^\perp(-\bigtriangleup)^{-\frac{1}{2}}\theta\\ \theta|_{t=0}=\theta_0 \end{cases} \] where \(u\) refer to the velocity field and \(\bigtriangledown^\perp=(-\partial_2,\partial_1)\). The author establishes the existence of doubly connected V-states and proves that the boundary is analytic to above SQG equation. The paper is deep.