Möbius and triangle semigroups (Q532114)

The properties of two topological semigroups are studied. There exists a natural action of the special linear group \(SL(2,\mathbb R)\) of \(2\times 2\) real matrices of determinant \(1\). Then \(G\) acts on the extended real line \(\mathbb R\cup \{\infty\}\) via Möbius transformations. The Möbius semigroup \(\Gamma\) is defined as follows: \(\Gamma:=\{g\in G:g\cdot \mathbb R^+\subset\mathbb R^+\}\), where \(\mathbb R^+ =[0,\infty]\). For \(p\in [0,\infty]\), let \(\mathcal F_p=\{g\in\Gamma:g\cdot p=p\}\) and \(\mathcal F_p^+\) consists of matrices \(g\in\mathcal F_p\) with non-negative entries. It is established (Proposition 3.3) that \(\Gamma=\bigcup_{p\in [0,\infty]}\mathcal F_p\) . The triangle semigroup \(T\) is the set \(T=\{(x_1,x_2)\in\mathbb R^2:x_1,x_2\geq0, \text{and}\quad x_1+x_2\leq 1\}\) with the multiplication \((x_1,y_1)(x_2,y_2) =(x_1y_1, x_2y_1+y_2)\). \(T\) is a compact semigroup and its minimal ideal \(M(T)\) is \(\{t(0,1):0\leq t\leq 1\}\). The connection between \(\Gamma\) and \(T\) is established in Theorem 3.8: For any \(p\in(0,\infty)\), the topological semigroups \(T\setminus M(T)\) and \(\mathcal F_p^+\) are isomorphic. A uniquely representable semigroup is a topological semigroup \(S\) for which there exist subsemigroups \(X\) and \(Y\) topologically isomorphic to the unit interval under multiplication such that \(S=XY\). It is proved (Proposition 5.1) that, for each \(p\in (0,\infty)\), we have a unique factorization \(\mathcal F_p=XY\), where \(X=\mathcal F_p^+\cap \mathcal F_0^+\) and \(Y=\mathcal F_p^+\cap \mathcal F_\infty^+\).