Biharmonic submanifolds in non-Sasakian contact metric 3-manifolds (Q534556)

Let \(M(\eta, \xi, \varphi, g)\) be a contact metric manifold. A \((\kappa, \mu, \nu)\)-space is a contact metric manifold which satisfies the following curvature condition \[ R(X, Y)\xi=\kappa(\eta(Y)X-\eta(X)Y)+\mu(\eta(Y)hX-\eta(X)hY)+\nu(\eta(Y)\varphi hX-\eta(X)\varphi hY), \] where \(R\) is the curvature tensor, \(h=L_{\xi}g, L_{\xi} \) being the Lie differentiation in the direction of \(\xi\) and \(\kappa, \mu, \nu\) are smooth functions. If \((\kappa, \mu)\) are constant and \(\nu=0\), we have the notion of \((\kappa, \mu)\)-space introduced by \textit{D. E. Blair, T. Koufogiorgos} and \textit{B. Papantoniou} [Isr. J. Math. 91, No.~1--3, 189--214 (1995; Zbl 0837.53038)]; when \((\kappa, \mu)\) are functions and \(\nu=0\), we have the notion of generalized \((\kappa, \mu)\)-space introduced by \textit{T. Koufogiorgos} and \textit{C. Tsichlias} [Can. Math Bull. 43, No.~4, 440--447 (2000; Zbl 0978.53086)]. In the present paper, the authors study nonharmonic biharmonic curves and surfaces immersed in \(3\)-dimensional non Sasakian \((\kappa, \mu, \nu)\)-space. More explicitly, first, the authors define some basic notions about contact metric manifolds and biharmonic Legendre curves in \(3\)-dimensional \((\kappa, \mu, \nu)\)-space. Next, they give examples of biharmonic Legendre curves of suitable \((\kappa, \mu, \nu)\)-spaces which are, indeed, their geodesics. Then, by using the notion of Legendre curves, they characterize geometrically \(3\)-dimensional generalized \((\kappa, \mu)\)-spaces. Furthermore, the authors study biharmonic anti-invariant surfaces of the \(3\)-dimensional \((\kappa, \mu, \nu)\)-space. They exhibit a system of partial differential equations which describes these manifolds. Also, they investigate biharmonic anti-invariant surfaces of \(3\)-dimensional generalized \((\kappa, \mu)\)-space with constant norm of the mean curvature vector field. Finally, the authors give examples of anti-invariant surfaces in these spaces with constant norm of the mean curvature vector field.